Global supply networks encompass many inter-connected suppliers. Many of these suppliers are unpredictable and beyond the direct realm of the company, making the management of sustainability a difficult task. This research attempts to put forth a profound exploration of the integration of sustainability across complex multi-tier supply networks through the utilization of blockchain technology. The research includes a selected literature review compromising well-cited research that focuses on multi-tier supply networks and blockchain technology. The findings suggest that blockchain can enhance suppliers’ visibility. Managers will have increased transparency and traceability of their global supply networks, which will eventually reduce information asymmetry and limit opportunistic behaviors. Furthermore, the connectivity and rapid/immutable sustainable information sharing features associated with blockchain increase suppliers’ predictability and create robust sustainable supply networks. Despite the potential benefits enabled by the technology, the research highlights some vital complexities that may obstruct the adoption of the technology across multi-tier supply networks.

The competitive adsorption of cationic and anionic model molecules; methylene blue (MB) and acid red 88 (AR88), respectively, in aqueous solutions onto NiO and/or MgO SBNs was studied. Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and pH effect were investigated in batch modes. Computational modeling was conducted on Acclerys Material Studio for MB and AR88 adsorption. pH study showed that the adsorption is strongly pH dependent, increases for MB while decreases for AR88 with increasing the pH from 4 to 11. Isotherm studies revealed that the Sips model was the best fit for both molecules in single cases, and thus the Extended-Sips model for the binary systems. The kinetics for the binary systems were well-described by the external mass transfer model; thus, film diffusion is the most dominant in the adsorption of both organic onto the SBNs. The adsorption uptakes in binary systems exceed 130 mg g⁻¹ for AR88 (167.7 MgO-SBNs, 132.93 NiO-SBNs, and 178.5 mg g⁻¹ NiO-MgO-SBN), while it reached an uptake of 76.2 MgO-SBNs, 81.5 NiO-SBNs, and 94.7 mg g⁻¹ NiO-MgO-SBNs for MB within the time needed to reach equilibrium (10 min). The adsorption of these two molecules in binary systems showed a synergistic effect onto the three types of SBNs, that enhanced the adsorption uptakes. Computational modeling confirmed the synergistic effect, the adsorption energy of binary systems was lower than that in single systems. Regeneration study was conducted over four adsorption cycles to confirm the sustainability of SBNs. They were stable under thermal oxidation at 400 °C, without any impact on the adsorption capacity.

Oxy-cracking is a combination of oxidation and cracking reactions for converting heavy hydrocarbons into commodity products with minimal emission of CO₂.