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Mr. Maksymilian Czeczotko
Warsaw University of Life ScienceInstitute of Human NutritionNowoursynowska 159, 02-787 Warszawa

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0 Food Marketing
0 Private Label
0 Retail Marketing
0 Consumer Behaviors
0 Food Market

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Journal article
Published: 04 July 2021 in Sustainability
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Our study aimed to analyze consumer behavior and perception towards private labels (PLs) in Tenerife as an autonomous community during COVID-19, with special attention given to sustainability aspects. The research was conducted on a sample of 500 adults purchasing PLs using quota selection and the CAWI method. We formulated four research questions related to factors of PL choice, the relationship between frequency of PL purchases, consumers’ age and income, perceived changes in PLs, and evaluation of PL products including sustainability. The latter research question referred to such product characteristics as local and environmentally friendly production, organic production, and production according to traditional technologies using only natural ingredients. For a detailed analysis of consumer behavior, we used Pearson’s chi-square test, the rho-Spearman correlation coefficient, and cluster analysis. The most important factors for purchasing PL products were lower prices compared to leading brands, attachment to a given chain, and the feeling of safety and trust in PL products. The frequency of purchase of PL food products, except for alcohol, significantly negatively correlates with age, which means that the purchase of PLs from the analyzed product categories decreases with age. The increased availability and improved image and quality of PLs were identified as the most important changes in PLs. PL food products were rated by consumers as fresh, minimally processed and with quality certificates. Environmentally friendly production methods, nutritional value, and origin from an area close to home were also indicated.

ACS Style

Maksymilian Czeczotko; Hanna Górska-Warsewicz; Wacław Laskowski; Barbara Rostecka. Towards Sustainable Private Labels in an Autonomous Community during COVID-19—Analysis of Consumer Behavior and Perception on the Example of Tenerife. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7467 .

AMA Style

Maksymilian Czeczotko, Hanna Górska-Warsewicz, Wacław Laskowski, Barbara Rostecka. Towards Sustainable Private Labels in an Autonomous Community during COVID-19—Analysis of Consumer Behavior and Perception on the Example of Tenerife. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7467.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maksymilian Czeczotko; Hanna Górska-Warsewicz; Wacław Laskowski; Barbara Rostecka. 2021. "Towards Sustainable Private Labels in an Autonomous Community during COVID-19—Analysis of Consumer Behavior and Perception on the Example of Tenerife." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7467.

Journal article
Published: 27 July 2020 in Sustainability
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Consumer behavior towards private labels (PLs) is constantly changing, accompanied by the development from generic products, offered at very low prices, towards sustainable PLs. Our study aimed to analyze the behavior of British and Polish consumers towards PLs of the retail chains. To achieve this, special attention was given to the following issues: frequency of purchasing PLs by food categories, motives for purchasing PL products, opinions of the current development of PLs, and length of the period of purchasing products under PLs. We also presented the socioeconomic features of the Polish and British consumers purchasing PL products using a correspondence graph. Our research was conducted using a sample of 500 adults from Poland and 500 adults from the UK and the Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing method (CAWI) was used. The questionnaire was addressed only to adults who declared that they purchase PL products. For a detailed analysis of consumer choices and service quality assessment, we used Pearson’s chi-square test, as well as the Kohonen’s neural network and multi-dimensional cluster analysis. We have divided the sample population into 4 clusters based on 6 factors, characterizing households: education level, income, household residence, age, gender, and period of buying PL products. Our study indicates that Polish consumers are more likely to pay attention to lower prices for PLs, while British consumers point quality compared to manufacturers’ brands. In the opinion of Polish consumers, an improvement in quality is only just beginning. This means that PLs available on the British market are characterized by a higher stage of development towards sustainable PLs.

ACS Style

Maksymilian Czeczotko; Hanna Górska-Warsewicz; Wacław Laskowski. Towards Sustainable Private Labels—What is the Consumer Behavior Relating to Private Labels in the UK and Poland? Sustainability 2020, 12, 6035 .

AMA Style

Maksymilian Czeczotko, Hanna Górska-Warsewicz, Wacław Laskowski. Towards Sustainable Private Labels—What is the Consumer Behavior Relating to Private Labels in the UK and Poland? Sustainability. 2020; 12 (15):6035.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maksymilian Czeczotko; Hanna Górska-Warsewicz; Wacław Laskowski. 2020. "Towards Sustainable Private Labels—What is the Consumer Behavior Relating to Private Labels in the UK and Poland?" Sustainability 12, no. 15: 6035.

Journal article
Published: 29 April 2020 in Nutrients
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The aim of the study was to analyze the sources of energy, carbohydrates, 10 minerals, and 9 vitamins from nonalcoholic beverages in the average Polish diet. For the analysis, we used data from the 2016 Household Budget Survey conducted on the representative sample of the Polish population (36,886 households, n = 99,230). According to the source of data, we included four subgroups in analyzed food category: fruit juices, vegetable juices and mixed, mineral and spring waters, and other nonalcoholic beverages. We used the cluster analysis to assess the impact of sociodemographic and economic characteristics of the households on the structure of supplying energy and nutrients from each subgroup of the nonalcoholic beverages. Our analyses have shown that nonalcoholic beverages are primarily important in providing several nutrients: vitamin C (15.9% of the total vitamin C supply), vitamin B6 (8.9% of vitamin B supply), folates (8.5% of folate supply), carbohydrates (6.8% of carbohydrate supply), calcium (5.9% of calcium supply), and magnesium (5.5% of magnesium supply). The analysis of the consumption structure of this category of food showed that the subgroup of other nonalcoholic beverages brings more than three-fourth of carbohydrates (77%), vitamin B6 and folates (76% each), and 43% of vitamin C supplied by nonalcoholic beverages. More than half (51%) of vitamin C provided by nonalcoholic beverages comes from fruit juices and the remaining 6% comes from other juices (vegetable and mixed). In the case of minerals, mineral and spring waters consumption is important as it accounts for 65% of the calcium supply and 55% of the magnesium in nonalcoholic beverages category. The share of individual subgroups of beverages in the supply of ingredients in the diet is significantly differentiated by four socioeconomic characteristics of households: family life phase, age, socioeconomic type of household, and number of people in the household. This is particularly evident in the case of other nonalcoholic beverages, that the share of this subgroup in the energy and carbohydrates supply in the households of young people, employees (both blue-collar and white-collar workers), and families with children increases to 10%. Our results show that in order to reduce the intake of free sugars and increase the intake of deficient minerals, which is crucial in preventing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), it is necessary to encourage consumers to replace sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) with water and eat fruits instead of drinking juice.

ACS Style

Krystyna Rejman; Hanna Górska-Warsewicz; Maksymilian Czeczotko; Wacław Laskowski. Nonalcoholic Beverages as Sources of Nutrients in the Average Polish Diet. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1262 .

AMA Style

Krystyna Rejman, Hanna Górska-Warsewicz, Maksymilian Czeczotko, Wacław Laskowski. Nonalcoholic Beverages as Sources of Nutrients in the Average Polish Diet. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (5):1262.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krystyna Rejman; Hanna Górska-Warsewicz; Maksymilian Czeczotko; Wacław Laskowski. 2020. "Nonalcoholic Beverages as Sources of Nutrients in the Average Polish Diet." Nutrients 12, no. 5: 1262.

Journal article
Published: 03 December 2019 in Nutrients
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The main aim of this study was to identify the sources of energy and 25 nutrients in fats and oils in the average Polish diet. We analyzed energy, total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), cholesterol, protein, carbohydrates, nine minerals, and nine vitamins. We included five sub-groups: butter, vegetable oils, margarine and other hydrogenated vegetable fats, olive oil, and other animal fats. The basis for our analysis was data from the 2016 household budget survey, conducted on a representative sample of the Polish population (36,886 households, n = 99,230). We used the cluster analysis to assess the impact of socio-demographic and economic factors on the volume of fats and oil consumption and on the share of particular products in the supply of energy and nutrients. Our findings indicated that fats and oils contributed 32.9% of the total fat supply, which placed these products in first position among main food groups. Meat and its products ranked second (30.8%) in the total fat supply, while milk and dairy products, including cream (13.4%), were the third food group. The second position in the total fat supply was taken by meat and its products (30.8%), and the third place was taken by milk and dairy products, including cream (13.4%). The supply of fatty acids from fats and oils varied and ranged from 45.6% for PUFA to 31.5% for MUFA to 27.8% for SFA. The supply of cholesterol was at the level of 8.3%. Our research has proven that fats and oils are an important source of vitamin E, providing almost half of the daily supply of this vitamin to the average Polish diet. The supply of vitamin A and D equaled 16–18% of their total daily intake. In the cluster analysis, we identified five clusters that differed in the consumption of butter, oils, margarine and other vegetable fats, olive oil, and other animal fats. The variables with most differentiating clusters were: education level, income (in quintile groups of households), degree of urbanization of the place of household residence, and socio-economic type of the household. Our results indicate a high share of fats and oils in the total fat supply and should be used to evaluate the diets from a nutritional and health point of view.

ACS Style

Hanna Górska-Warsewicz; Krystyna Rejman; Wacław Laskowski; Maksymilian Czeczotko. Butter, Margarine, Vegetable Oils, and Olive Oil in the Average Polish Diet. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2935 .

AMA Style

Hanna Górska-Warsewicz, Krystyna Rejman, Wacław Laskowski, Maksymilian Czeczotko. Butter, Margarine, Vegetable Oils, and Olive Oil in the Average Polish Diet. Nutrients. 2019; 11 (12):2935.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hanna Górska-Warsewicz; Krystyna Rejman; Wacław Laskowski; Maksymilian Czeczotko. 2019. "Butter, Margarine, Vegetable Oils, and Olive Oil in the Average Polish Diet." Nutrients 11, no. 12: 2935.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2019 in Nutrients
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The main aim of this study was to identify the dairy sources of energy and 44 nutrients in the average Polish diet. Our research included: carbohydrates, protein, total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), cholesterol, 18 amino acids, 9 minerals, and 10 vitamins. The analysis was conducted based on the data from the 2016 Household Budget Survey, a representative sample of the Polish population (i.e., 36,886 households). The category of milk and dairy products was divided into three main groups (i.e., milk, cheeses, and yoghurts, milk drinks and other dairy products) and seven sub-groups (i.e., whole milk, reduced fat milk, condensed and powdered milk, ripened and melted cheese, cottage cheese, yoghurts, milk drinks and other dairy products). Milk and dairy products provided 9.1% of the total energy supply. A high share (above 20%) in the supply of nutrients was noted in the case of calcium (54.7%), riboflavin (28.1%), vitamin B12 (26.1%), and phosphorus (24.6%). Supply at the level of 10–20% was observed for protein, SFA, zinc, total fat, cholesterol, potassium, magnesium, and vitamin A. Of the amino acids, the share above 20% from dairy category was recorded in the case of 6 amino acids (proline, tyrosine, serine, lysine, valine, and leucine) and at the level of 10–20% for 10 amino acids (isoleucine, histidine, threonine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, methionine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, and arginine).

ACS Style

Hanna Górska-Warsewicz; Krystyna Rejman; Wacław Laskowski; Maksymilian Czeczotko. Milk and Dairy Products and Their Nutritional Contribution to the Average Polish Diet. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1771 .

AMA Style

Hanna Górska-Warsewicz, Krystyna Rejman, Wacław Laskowski, Maksymilian Czeczotko. Milk and Dairy Products and Their Nutritional Contribution to the Average Polish Diet. Nutrients. 2019; 11 (8):1771.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hanna Górska-Warsewicz; Krystyna Rejman; Wacław Laskowski; Maksymilian Czeczotko. 2019. "Milk and Dairy Products and Their Nutritional Contribution to the Average Polish Diet." Nutrients 11, no. 8: 1771.

Journal article
Published: 21 March 2019 in Nutrients
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The main aim of this study was to identify the food sources of energy and 28 nutrients from cereals and cereal products in the average Polish diet based on data from a nationally representative sample of the Polish population attending in 2016 Household Budget Survey (i.e., 36,886 households). The contribution of energy and nutrients from cereals and cereal products were compared with reference values. The detailded analysis included five main groups and nine sub-groups of cereal food category. Our findings indicated that cereals and cereal products contributed 30.4% of total dietary energy supply, providing a significant percentage of six nutrients to the average Polish diet (i.e., 64.1% of manganese, 51% of carbohydrates, 48.5% of dietary fibre, 34.1% of iron, 33.6% of folate, and 31.3% of copper). Supply at the level of 20–30% was observed for protein, thiamin, phosphorus and zinc, and at 10–20% for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), sodium, potassium, calcium, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B6. For other nutrients i.e., total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), cholesterol, iodine, vitamins: A, D, B12, and C, the share of cereals and cereal products contribution was below 10%. Cereals and cereal products were the major food category in meeting the reference values for the Polish population in case of manganese, carbohydrates (approximately100%), and sodium (50%). The reference values was reached at the level of 30–40% for dietary fibre, protein, iron, copper, zinc, phosphorus and thiamin, and 20–30% for energy, magnesium, folate, niacin, riboflavin, vitamins B6 and E. For such nutrients as total fat, SFA, and potassium, the fulfillment of the reference values amounted to 10–20%. Our results document the importance of cereals and cereal products in the Polish diet, which should be emphasized from a nutritional and health point of view.

ACS Style

Maksymilian Czeczotko; Hanna Górska-Warsewicz; Krystyna Rejman; Maksymilian Czeczotko; Justyna Zwolińska. How Important are Cereals and Cereal Products in the Average Polish Diet? Nutrients 2019, 11, 679 .

AMA Style

Maksymilian Czeczotko, Hanna Górska-Warsewicz, Krystyna Rejman, Maksymilian Czeczotko, Justyna Zwolińska. How Important are Cereals and Cereal Products in the Average Polish Diet? Nutrients. 2019; 11 (3):679.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maksymilian Czeczotko; Hanna Górska-Warsewicz; Krystyna Rejman; Maksymilian Czeczotko; Justyna Zwolińska. 2019. "How Important are Cereals and Cereal Products in the Average Polish Diet?" Nutrients 11, no. 3: 679.

Journal article
Published: 13 December 2018 in Nutrients
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The aim of this study was to identify the food sources of protein and 18 amino acids (AAs) in the average Polish diet. The analysis was conducted based on the 2016 Household Budget Survey (HBS) on the consumption of food products from a representative sample of 38,886 households (n = 99,230). This survey was organized, conducted and controlled by the Central Statistical Office, Social Surveys and Living Conditions Statistics Department in cooperation with the Statistic Office in Łódź based on the recording of expenditures, quantitative consumption, and revenues in budget books for one month. 91 food products from 13 food categories (e.g., meat and meat products, grain products) consisting of 42 food groups (e.g., red meat, milk, cheese) were analyzed to determine protein and amino acid intake from these products. Three categories delivered 80.9% of total protein (meat and meat products: 38.9%; grain products: 23.9%; and milk and dairy products: 18.1%). The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine and valine) were delivered mainly by meat and meat products (39.9%; 41.3% and 37.4%, respectively). Meat and meat products were also the most important source for other essential amino acids (EAAs: lysine 49.2%, histidine 46.6%, threonine 44.7%, tryptophan 41.4%, phenylalanine 35.3%, and methionine 44.2%). In terms of the contribution of the non-essential or conditionally essential amino acids to the average Polish diet, most important were grain products (for cysteine: 41.2%; glutamic acid: 33.8%; proline: 34.1%), and meat and meat products (for tyrosine: 38.3%; arginine: 46.1%; alanine: 48.7%; aspartic acid: 41.7%; glycine: 52.5%; serine: 33.6%). Five clusters were identified to assess the impact of socio-demographic and economic factors on the protein supply. The largest impact was observed for respondent education, degree of urbanization, study month, and usage of agricultural land. The shares of animal food in total protein supply amounted to 66.5% in total population and varied from 56.4% to 73.6% in different clusters.

ACS Style

Hanna Górska-Warsewicz; Wacław Laskowski; Olena Kulykovets; Anna Kudlińska-Chylak; Maksymilian Czeczotko; Krystyna Rejman. Food Products as Sources of Protein and Amino Acids—The Case of Poland. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1977 .

AMA Style

Hanna Górska-Warsewicz, Wacław Laskowski, Olena Kulykovets, Anna Kudlińska-Chylak, Maksymilian Czeczotko, Krystyna Rejman. Food Products as Sources of Protein and Amino Acids—The Case of Poland. Nutrients. 2018; 10 (12):1977.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hanna Górska-Warsewicz; Wacław Laskowski; Olena Kulykovets; Anna Kudlińska-Chylak; Maksymilian Czeczotko; Krystyna Rejman. 2018. "Food Products as Sources of Protein and Amino Acids—The Case of Poland." Nutrients 10, no. 12: 1977.

Journal article
Published: 05 July 2018 in Sustainability
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The main aim of this study was to determine how chains of modern international retailers can achieve a competitive advantage (CA) by introducing private labels (PLs) in the organic category and can, in turn, stimulate the consumption of food produced with respect to sustainability principles. The research was conducted with the use of a qualitative approach and involved two steps. First, in order to select retailers with organic private labels (OPLs) and producers delivering products under OPLs, in-depth semistructured interviews were conducted with the representatives of management boards of 17 enterprises. Second, in order to analyze the assortment-based competitive advantage of the OPLs in depth, 8 enterprises were analyzed. In order to explore the price-related competitive advantage, three products offered under PLs, organic PLs, producer brands, and imported brands were selected for subsequent analysis. For retail chains, it was found that the introduction of OPLs is the source of CA via six contributors, namely, price, range of assortment, type of PLs, image of the retailer, sustainability and specific process, and product-related attributes of organic food. Extension of offers with organic private labels makes it easier for consumers to buy organic food at more affordable prices and follow the principles of proper nutrition and a sustainable diet with low environmental impact. At the same time, the international retailers can position themselves as chains contributing to more sustainable consumption.

ACS Style

Hanna Górska-Warsewicz; Sylwia Żakowska-Biemans; Maksymilian Czeczotko; Monika Świątkowska; Dagmara Stangierska; Ewa Świstak; Agnieszka Bobola; Julita Szlachciuk; Karol Krajewski. Organic Private Labels as Sources of Competitive Advantage—The Case of International Retailers Operating on the Polish Market. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2338 .

AMA Style

Hanna Górska-Warsewicz, Sylwia Żakowska-Biemans, Maksymilian Czeczotko, Monika Świątkowska, Dagmara Stangierska, Ewa Świstak, Agnieszka Bobola, Julita Szlachciuk, Karol Krajewski. Organic Private Labels as Sources of Competitive Advantage—The Case of International Retailers Operating on the Polish Market. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (7):2338.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hanna Górska-Warsewicz; Sylwia Żakowska-Biemans; Maksymilian Czeczotko; Monika Świątkowska; Dagmara Stangierska; Ewa Świstak; Agnieszka Bobola; Julita Szlachciuk; Karol Krajewski. 2018. "Organic Private Labels as Sources of Competitive Advantage—The Case of International Retailers Operating on the Polish Market." Sustainability 10, no. 7: 2338.