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Edyta Słupek
Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland

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Paper
Published: 09 June 2021 in Green Chemistry
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Volatile organochlorine compounds (VOXs) present in biogas can cause many technological and environmental problems.

ACS Style

Patrycja Makoś-Chełstowska; Edyta Słupek; Jacek Gębicki. Deep eutectic solvent-based green absorbents for the effective removal of volatile organochlorine compounds from biogas. Green Chemistry 2021, 23, 4814 -4827.

AMA Style

Patrycja Makoś-Chełstowska, Edyta Słupek, Jacek Gębicki. Deep eutectic solvent-based green absorbents for the effective removal of volatile organochlorine compounds from biogas. Green Chemistry. 2021; 23 (13):4814-4827.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patrycja Makoś-Chełstowska; Edyta Słupek; Jacek Gębicki. 2021. "Deep eutectic solvent-based green absorbents for the effective removal of volatile organochlorine compounds from biogas." Green Chemistry 23, no. 13: 4814-4827.

Journal article
Published: 06 January 2021 in Materials
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The paper presents the screening of 20 deep eutectic solvents (DESs) composed of tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr) and glycols in various molar ratios, and 6 conventional solvents as absorbents for removal of siloxanes from model biogas stream. The screening was achieved using the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) based on the comparison of siloxane solubility in DESs. For the DES which was characterized by the highest solubility of siloxanes, studies of physicochemical properties, i.e., viscosity, density, and melting point, were performed. DES composed of tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr) and tetraethylene glycol (TEG) in a 1:3 molar ratio was used as an absorbent in experimental studies in which several parameters were optimized, i.e., the temperature, absorbent volume, and model biogas flow rate. The mechanism of siloxanes removal was evaluated by means of an experimental FT-IR analysis as well as by theoretical studies based on σ-profile and σ-potential. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that TPABr:TEG (1:3) is a very effective absorption solvent for the removal of siloxanes from model biogas, and the main driving force of the absorption process is the formation of the hydrogen bonds between DES and siloxanes.

ACS Style

Edyta Słupek; Patrycja Makoś-Chełstowska; Jacek Gębicki. Removal of Siloxanes from Model Biogas by Means of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Absorption Process. Materials 2021, 14, 241 .

AMA Style

Edyta Słupek, Patrycja Makoś-Chełstowska, Jacek Gębicki. Removal of Siloxanes from Model Biogas by Means of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Absorption Process. Materials. 2021; 14 (2):241.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edyta Słupek; Patrycja Makoś-Chełstowska; Jacek Gębicki. 2021. "Removal of Siloxanes from Model Biogas by Means of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Absorption Process." Materials 14, no. 2: 241.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020 in Energies
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This paper presents the theoretical screening of 23 low-cost deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as absorbents for effective removal of the main impurities from biogas streams using a conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS). Based on thermodynamic parameters, i.e., the activity coefficient, excess enthalpy, and Henry’s constant, two DESs composed of choline chloride: urea in a 1:2 molar ratio (ChCl:U 1:2), and choline chloride: oxalic acid in a 1:2 molar ratio (ChCl:OA 1:2) were selected as the most effective absorbents. The σ-profile and σ-potential were used in order to explain the mechanism of the absorptive removal of CO2, H2S, and siloxanes from a biogas stream. In addition, an economic analysis was prepared to demonstrate the competitiveness of new DESs in the sorbents market. The unit cost of 1 m3 of pure bio-methane was estimated to be in the range of 0.35–0.37 EUR, which is comparable to currently used technologies.

ACS Style

Edyta Słupek; Patrycja Makoś; Jacek Gębicki. Theoretical and Economic Evaluation of Low-Cost Deep Eutectic Solvents for Effective Biogas Upgrading to Bio-Methane. Energies 2020, 13, 3379 .

AMA Style

Edyta Słupek, Patrycja Makoś, Jacek Gębicki. Theoretical and Economic Evaluation of Low-Cost Deep Eutectic Solvents for Effective Biogas Upgrading to Bio-Methane. Energies. 2020; 13 (13):3379.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edyta Słupek; Patrycja Makoś; Jacek Gębicki. 2020. "Theoretical and Economic Evaluation of Low-Cost Deep Eutectic Solvents for Effective Biogas Upgrading to Bio-Methane." Energies 13, no. 13: 3379.

Journal article
Published: 17 April 2020 in Materials
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The paper presents the preparation of new adsorbents based on silica gel (SiO2) impregnated with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to increase benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene (BTEX) adsorption efficiency from gas streams. The DESs were synthesized by means of choline chloride, tetrapropylammonium bromide, levulinic acid, lactic acid, and phenol. The physico-chemical properties of new sorbent materials, including surface morphology and structures, as well as porosity, were studied by means of thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. The effect of DESs type, flow rate, and initial concentration of BTEX were also investigated followed by regeneration and reusability of adsorbents. The results indicate that SiO2 impregnated with tetrapropylammonium bromide and lactic acid in a 1:2 molar ratio have great potential for the removal of BTEX from gas streams. Its adsorption capacity was higher than the pure SiO2 and other developed SiO2-DES adsorbents. This result can be explained by the specific interaction between DESs and BTEX, i.e., hydrogen bonds interaction.

ACS Style

Patrycja Makoś; Edyta Słupek; Aleksandra Małachowska. Silica Gel Impregnated by Deep Eutectic Solvents for Adsorptive Removal of BTEX from Gas Streams. Materials 2020, 13, 1894 .

AMA Style

Patrycja Makoś, Edyta Słupek, Aleksandra Małachowska. Silica Gel Impregnated by Deep Eutectic Solvents for Adsorptive Removal of BTEX from Gas Streams. Materials. 2020; 13 (8):1894.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patrycja Makoś; Edyta Słupek; Aleksandra Małachowska. 2020. "Silica Gel Impregnated by Deep Eutectic Solvents for Adsorptive Removal of BTEX from Gas Streams." Materials 13, no. 8: 1894.

Journal article
Published: 21 February 2020 in Sustainability
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The paper presents a synthesis of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on choline chloride (ChCl) as hydrogen bond acceptor and phenol (Ph), glycol ethylene (EG), and levulinic acid (Lev) as hydrogen bond donors in 1:2 molar ratio. DESs were successfully used as absorption solvents for removal of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) from model biogas steam. Several parameters affecting the absorption capacity and absorption rate have been optimized including kinds of DES, temperature, the volume of absorbent, model biogas flow rate, and initial concentration of DMDS. Furthermore, reusability and regeneration of DESs by means of adsorption and nitrogen barbotage followed by the mechanism of absorptive desulfurization by means of density functional theory (DFT) as well as FT-IR analysis were investigated. Experimental results indicate that the most promising DES for biogas purification is ChCl:Ph, due to high absorption capacity, relatively long absorption rate, and easy regeneration. The research on the absorption mechanism revealed that van der Waal interaction is the main driving force for DMDS removal from model biogas.

ACS Style

Edyta Słupek; Patrycja Makoś. Absorptive Desulfurization of Model Biogas Stream Using Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1619 .

AMA Style

Edyta Słupek, Patrycja Makoś. Absorptive Desulfurization of Model Biogas Stream Using Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (4):1619.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edyta Słupek; Patrycja Makoś. 2020. "Absorptive Desulfurization of Model Biogas Stream Using Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents." Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1619.

Preprint
Published: 18 February 2020
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The paper presents a synthesis of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on choline chloride (ChCl) as hydrogen bond acceptor and phenol (Ph), glycol ethylene (EG), and levulinic acid (Lev) as hydrogen bond donors in 1:2 molar ratio. DESs were successfully used as absorption solvents for removal of dimethyl disulfide from (DMDS) from model biogas steam. Several parameters affecting the absorption capacity and absorption rate has been optimized including kind of DES, temperature, the volume of absorbent, model biogas flow rate, and initial concentration of DMDS. Furthermore, reusability and regeneration of DESs by means of adsorption and nitrogen barbotage followed by the mechanism of absorptive desulfurization by means of density functional theory (DFT) as well as FT-IR analysis were investigated. Experimental results indicate that the most promising DES for biogas purification is ChCl:Ph, due to high absorption capacity, relatively long absorption rate, and easy regeneration. The research on the absorption mechanism revealed that van der Waal interaction is the main driving force for DMDS removal from model biogas.

ACS Style

Edyta Słupek; Patrycja Makoś. Absorptive Desulfurization of Model Biogas Stream Using Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Edyta Słupek, Patrycja Makoś. Absorptive Desulfurization of Model Biogas Stream Using Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edyta Słupek; Patrycja Makoś. 2020. "Absorptive Desulfurization of Model Biogas Stream Using Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents." , no. : 1.

Original paper
Published: 29 November 2019 in Chemical Papers
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Production of biofuels from biomass is expected to benefit the society and the environment. At present, bio waste residues processing includes hydrolysis, dark fermentation, photofermentation, pyrolysis, gasification, and chemical synthesis. As the composition and the chemical structure of organic substances affect the efficiency of mentioned processes, it is believed that the glucose concentration is a crucial parameter for the evaluation of the efficiency of biological processes. Also, the control of by-products formulated during each stage of biomass processing affects the course of dark fermentation. Therefore, model processes regarding mesophilic and thermophilic dark fermentation were carried out. Glucose as a sole carbon source was applied as the fermentation broth and Faloye-pretreated activated municipal wastewater sludge was introduced as the source of sporulating microorganisms. Production of hydrogen and methane was controlled by means of sensor matrices. Obtained results are comparable to those obtained using the standard method based on gas chromatography and indicate the suitability of their application for online routine analyses of hydrogen and methane during fermentation processes. In addition, the fermentation broth was also examined by means of gas and liquid chromatography in the scope of glucose reduction, and generation of volatile fatty acids and phenols.

ACS Style

Edyta Słupek; Patrycja Makoś; Karolina Kucharska; Jacek Gębicki. Mesophilic and thermophilic dark fermentation course analysis using sensor matrices and chromatographic techniques. Chemical Papers 2019, 74, 1573 -1582.

AMA Style

Edyta Słupek, Patrycja Makoś, Karolina Kucharska, Jacek Gębicki. Mesophilic and thermophilic dark fermentation course analysis using sensor matrices and chromatographic techniques. Chemical Papers. 2019; 74 (5):1573-1582.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edyta Słupek; Patrycja Makoś; Karolina Kucharska; Jacek Gębicki. 2019. "Mesophilic and thermophilic dark fermentation course analysis using sensor matrices and chromatographic techniques." Chemical Papers 74, no. 5: 1573-1582.

Journal article
Published: 15 October 2019 in Catalysts
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Fermentative hydrogen production via dark fermentation with the application of lignocellulosic biomass requires a multistep pre-treatment procedure, due to the complexed structure of the raw material. Hence, the comparison of the hydrogen productivity potential of different lignocellulosic materials (LCMs) in relation to the lignocellulosic biomass composition is often considered as an interesting field of research. In this study, several types of biomass, representing woods, cereals and grass were processed by means of mechanical pre-treatment and alkaline and enzymatic hydrolysis. Hydrolysates were used in fermentative hydrogen production via dark fermentation process with Enterobacter aerogenes (model organism). The differences in the hydrogen productivity regarding different materials hydrolysates were analyzed using chemometric methods with respect to a wide dataset collected throughout this study. Hydrogen formation, as expected, was positively correlated with glucose concentration and total reducing sugars amount (YTRS) in enzymatic hydrolysates of LCMs, and negatively correlated with concentrations of enzymatic inhibitors i.e., HMF, furfural and total phenolic compounds in alkaline-hydrolysates LCMs, respectively. Interestingly, high hydrogen productivity was positively correlated with lignin content in raw LCMs and smaller mass loss of LCM after pre-treatment step. Besides results of chemometric analysis, the presented data analysis seems to confirm that the structure and chemical composition of lignin and hemicellulose present in the lignocellulosic material is more important to design the process of its bioconversion than the proportion between the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content in this material. For analyzed LCMs we found remarkable higher potential of hydrogen production via bioconversion process of woods i.e., beech (24.01 mL H2/g biomass), energetic poplar (23.41 mL H2/g biomass) or energetic willow (25.44 mL H2/g biomass) than for cereals i.e., triticale (17.82 mL H2/g biomass) and corn (14.37 mL H2/g biomass) or for meadow grass (7.22 mL H2/g biomass).

ACS Style

Karolina Kucharska; Hubert Cieśliński; Piotr Rybarczyk; Edyta Słupek; Rafał Łukajtis; Katarzyna Wychodnik; Marian Kamiński. Fermentative Conversion of Two-Step Pre-Treated Lignocellulosic Biomass to Hydrogen. Catalysts 2019, 9, 858 .

AMA Style

Karolina Kucharska, Hubert Cieśliński, Piotr Rybarczyk, Edyta Słupek, Rafał Łukajtis, Katarzyna Wychodnik, Marian Kamiński. Fermentative Conversion of Two-Step Pre-Treated Lignocellulosic Biomass to Hydrogen. Catalysts. 2019; 9 (10):858.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karolina Kucharska; Hubert Cieśliński; Piotr Rybarczyk; Edyta Słupek; Rafał Łukajtis; Katarzyna Wychodnik; Marian Kamiński. 2019. "Fermentative Conversion of Two-Step Pre-Treated Lignocellulosic Biomass to Hydrogen." Catalysts 9, no. 10: 858.

Conference paper
Published: 24 September 2019 in E3S Web of Conferences
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Biogas from landfills and wastewater treatment facilities typically contain a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), that can cause severe operational problems when biogas is used as fuel. Among the contaminants commonly occur aromatic compounds, i.e. benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene and xylenes (BTEX). In order to remove BTEX from biogas, different processes can be used. A promising process for VOCs removal is their absorption in deep eutectic solvents (DES). In this work, three DES: ([ChCl] U TEG [choline chloride]:urea:tetraethylene glycol (1:2:2), [ChCl] U [choline chloride]:urea (1:2), [ChCl] DEG [choline chloride]:diethylene glycol (1:2)) and water were tested to toluene absorption in concentration of 2000 ppm v/v in nitrogen stream. The results demonstrated the high absorption capacity of toluene using DES based on glycols.

ACS Style

Edyta Słupek; Patrycja Makoś; Jacek Gębicki; Andrzej Rogala. Purification of model biogas from toluene using deep eutectic solvents. E3S Web of Conferences 2019, 116, 00078 .

AMA Style

Edyta Słupek, Patrycja Makoś, Jacek Gębicki, Andrzej Rogala. Purification of model biogas from toluene using deep eutectic solvents. E3S Web of Conferences. 2019; 116 ():00078.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edyta Słupek; Patrycja Makoś; Jacek Gębicki; Andrzej Rogala. 2019. "Purification of model biogas from toluene using deep eutectic solvents." E3S Web of Conferences 116, no. : 00078.

Research article
Published: 19 April 2019 in SN Applied Sciences
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Dark fermentation course analysis is crucial, as complexed matrix of gaseous components may be formed and revealed during the process. The paper considers key issues related to the microbiological process in which complex organic substances are transformed into hydrogen. For the purposes of hydrogen generation, the application of wastewater mixed sludge pre-treated according to Faloye method (Faloye et al. in Int J Hydrog Energy 38:11765–11773, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.06.129; Int J Hydrog Energy 39:5607–5616, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.01.163) was applied. The main risk of by-product formation is related to the presence of methanogens, i.e., Archea, in the sludge. The application of gaseous chromatography confirmed the presence of hydrogen during the initial, lag and log phases of the culture and methane in the late logarithmic death phase of the culture. However, other fermentation gaseous products’ presence was not confirmed, as their concentration was under the limit of detection. Therefore, a revision regarding the application of matrix sensors was proposed, and the levels of gases able to be measured using both gas chromatography and matrix sensors were conducted. The criteria of matrix sensors’ selection should include the selectivity not only for the hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide or methane, but also the sensitivity to the response of other gases contained in the mixture—ammonium, carbon dioxide and oxygen. A comprehensive combination of commercially available sensors and their applicability for the purposes of dark fermentation course analysis was presented on the basis of the levels of gas concentrations in the generated gas mixture.

ACS Style

Edyta Słupek; Karolina Kucharska; Jacek Gębicki. Alternative methods for dark fermentation course analysis. SN Applied Sciences 2019, 1, 469 .

AMA Style

Edyta Słupek, Karolina Kucharska, Jacek Gębicki. Alternative methods for dark fermentation course analysis. SN Applied Sciences. 2019; 1 (5):469.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edyta Słupek; Karolina Kucharska; Jacek Gębicki. 2019. "Alternative methods for dark fermentation course analysis." SN Applied Sciences 1, no. 5: 469.

Journal article
Published: 20 November 2018 in Molecules
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The need to pre-treat lignocellulosic biomass prior to dark fermentation results primarily from the composition of lignocellulose because lignin hinders the processing of hard wood towards useful products. Hence, in this work a two-step approach for the pre-treatment of energy poplar, including alkaline pre-treatment and enzymatic saccharification followed by fermentation has been studied. Monoethanolamine (MEA) was used as the alkaline catalyst and diatomite immobilized bed enzymes were used during saccharification. The response surface methodology (RSM) method was used to determine the optimal alkaline pre-treatment conditions resulting in the highest values of both total released sugars (TRS) yield and degree of lignin removal. Three variable parameters (temperature, MEA concentration, time) were selected to optimize the alkaline pre-treatment conditions. The research was carried out using the Box-Behnken design. Additionally, the possibility of the re-use of both alkaline as well as enzymatic reagents was investigated. Obtained hydrolysates were subjected to dark fermentation in batch reactors performed by Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048 with a final result of 22.99 mL H2/g energy poplar (0.6 mol H2/mol TRS).

ACS Style

Karolina Kucharska; Rafał Łukajtis; Edyta Słupek; Hubert Cieśliński; Piotr Rybarczyk; Marian Kamiński. Hydrogen Production from Energy Poplar Preceded by MEA Pre-Treatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Molecules 2018, 23, 3029 .

AMA Style

Karolina Kucharska, Rafał Łukajtis, Edyta Słupek, Hubert Cieśliński, Piotr Rybarczyk, Marian Kamiński. Hydrogen Production from Energy Poplar Preceded by MEA Pre-Treatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Molecules. 2018; 23 (11):3029.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karolina Kucharska; Rafał Łukajtis; Edyta Słupek; Hubert Cieśliński; Piotr Rybarczyk; Marian Kamiński. 2018. "Hydrogen Production from Energy Poplar Preceded by MEA Pre-Treatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis." Molecules 23, no. 11: 3029.

Journal article
Published: 10 April 2018 in Energies
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Pre-treatment is a significant step in the production of second-generation biofuels from waste lignocellulosic materials. Obtaining biofuels as a result of fermentation processes requires appropriate pre-treatment conditions ensuring the highest possible degree of saccharification of the feed material. An influence of the following process parameters were investigated for alkaline pre-treatment of Salix viminalis L.: catalyst concentration (NaOH), temperature, pre-treatment time and granulation. For this purpose, experiments were carried out in accordance to the Box-Behnken design for four factors. In the saccharification process of the pre-treated biomass, cellulolytic enzymes immobilized on diatomaceous earth were used. Based on the obtained results, a mathematical model for the optimal conditions of alkaline pre-treatment prediction is proposed. The optimal conditions of alkaline pre-treatment are established as follows: granulation 0.75 mm, catalyst concentration 7%, pre-treatment time 6 h and temperature 65 °C if the saccharification efficiency and cost analysis are considered. An influence of the optimized pre-treatment on both the chemical composition and structural changes for six various lignocellulosic materials (energetic willow, energetic poplar, beech, triticale, meadow grass, corncobs) was investigated. SEM images of raw and pre-treated biomass samples are included in order to follow the changes in the biomass structure during hydrolysis.

ACS Style

Rafał Łukajtis; Piotr Rybarczyk; Karolina Kucharska; Donata Konopacka-Łyskawa; Edyta Słupek; Katarzyna Wychodnik; Marian Kamiński. Optimization of Saccharification Conditions of Lignocellulosic Biomass under Alkaline Pre-Treatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Energies 2018, 11, 886 .

AMA Style

Rafał Łukajtis, Piotr Rybarczyk, Karolina Kucharska, Donata Konopacka-Łyskawa, Edyta Słupek, Katarzyna Wychodnik, Marian Kamiński. Optimization of Saccharification Conditions of Lignocellulosic Biomass under Alkaline Pre-Treatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Energies. 2018; 11 (4):886.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rafał Łukajtis; Piotr Rybarczyk; Karolina Kucharska; Donata Konopacka-Łyskawa; Edyta Słupek; Katarzyna Wychodnik; Marian Kamiński. 2018. "Optimization of Saccharification Conditions of Lignocellulosic Biomass under Alkaline Pre-Treatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis." Energies 11, no. 4: 886.

Journal article
Published: 13 March 2018 in Energies
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This paper concerns the comparison of the efficiency of two-stage hydrolysis processes, i.e., alkaline pre-treatment and acid hydrolysis, as well as alkaline pre-treatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis, carried out in order to obtain reducing sugars from triticale straw. For each of the analyzed systems, the optimization of the processing conditions was carried out with respect to the glucose yield. For the alkaline pre-treatment, an optimal catalyst concentration was selected for constant values of temperature and pre-treatment time. For enzymatic hydrolysis, optimal process time and concentration of the enzyme preparation were determined. For the acidic hydrolysis, performed with 85% phosphoric acid, the optimum temperature and hydrolysis time were determined. In the hydrolysates obtained after the two-stage treatment, the concentration of reducing sugars was determined using HPLC. The obtained hydrolysates were subjected to ethanol fermentation. The concentrations of fermentation inhibitors are given and their effects on the alcoholic fermentation efficiency are discussed.

ACS Style

Rafał Łukajtis; Karolina Kucharska; Iwona Hołowacz; Piotr Rybarczyk; Katarzyna Wychodnik; Edyta Słupek; Paulina Nowak; Marian Kamiński. Comparison and Optimization of Saccharification Conditions of Alkaline Pre-Treated Triticale Straw for Acid and Enzymatic Hydrolysis Followed by Ethanol Fermentation. Energies 2018, 11, 639 .

AMA Style

Rafał Łukajtis, Karolina Kucharska, Iwona Hołowacz, Piotr Rybarczyk, Katarzyna Wychodnik, Edyta Słupek, Paulina Nowak, Marian Kamiński. Comparison and Optimization of Saccharification Conditions of Alkaline Pre-Treated Triticale Straw for Acid and Enzymatic Hydrolysis Followed by Ethanol Fermentation. Energies. 2018; 11 (3):639.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rafał Łukajtis; Karolina Kucharska; Iwona Hołowacz; Piotr Rybarczyk; Katarzyna Wychodnik; Edyta Słupek; Paulina Nowak; Marian Kamiński. 2018. "Comparison and Optimization of Saccharification Conditions of Alkaline Pre-Treated Triticale Straw for Acid and Enzymatic Hydrolysis Followed by Ethanol Fermentation." Energies 11, no. 3: 639.