Gene–diet interactions may play an important role in the inter individual diversity observed in on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Therefore, in the current study, we examined the interaction of CETP TaqB1 polymorphism with dietary insulin index and load (DII and DIL), in altering on CVD risk factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this cross-sectional study, blood samples were collected from 220 type 2 diabetic patients (134 females and 86 male) with a mean age of 52.24 years in Tehran, Iran. DIL and DII were obtained via validated food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Taq1B polymorphism was genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Biochemical markers including total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), C-reactive protein (CRP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), pentraxin-3 (PTX3), isoprostaneF2α (PGF2α). interleukin 18 (IL18), leptin and ghrelin were measured by standard protocol. Patients with B1B1 genotype had lower lipid profiles include LDL/HDL (P < 0.001) and TG (P = 0.04) when they consumed diets higher on the DIL and DII index. Moreover, carriers of B2B2 genotype who were in the last tertile of DIL had higher antioxidant and inflammatory markers include SOD (P = 0.01), PGF2α (P = 0.04) and CRP (P = 0.02). Further, a significant interaction between CETP TaqB1 and DII was shown in terms of WC (P = 0.01), where the highest WC were observed in B2B2 genotype carriers following a DII score. However, the highest inflammatory and antioxidant markers include CRP (P = 0.04), TAC (P = 0.01), SOD (P = 0.02), and PGF2α (P = 0.02) were observed in B2B2 genotype carriers when they consumed diets higher on the DII index. Based on the current study, it could be proposed that CETP polymorphism may be associated with CVD risk factors in T2DM patients with high following insulin indices, including DII and DIL. It seems that CETP Taq1B polymorphism can invert the result produced by insulin. This conclusion illustrates that the CETP Taq1B B1 allele could counteract the CVD risk induced by high DII and DIL.

This investigation with aimed the effect of APOA2–265 T > C polymorphism and dietary acid load (DAL) as either potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) intake interaction on metabolic markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In present cross-sectional study, 737 patients with T2DM (290 men and 447 women) were enlisted from diabetes centers in Tehran. The dietary intakes of all participants during the last year was acquired by a validated semi-quantitative food frequency (FFQ) questionnaire. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for genotyping the APOA2–265 T > C. Biochemical indises containing leptin, ghrelin, total cholesterol (Bailey et al., J Clin Invest 97:1147–1453, 1996), low-density lipoprotein cholestrol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholestrol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), high sensitivy C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), pentraxin-3 (PTX3), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and interleukin 18 (IL18) were measured by standard method. Atherogenic indices (AIP, AC, CR-I, CR-II) were calculated. The gene-diet interactions were evaluated using an GLM. The frequency overall prevalence of rs5082 genotypes was 63.82 and 36.17% for T-allele and C-allele respectively. TG, Ghrelin, and hs-CRP concentrations were significantly higher among carriers with C allele than TT homozygotes. However, TC/CC genotypes have lower PTX3 than TT homozygotes (P < 0.05). C-allele carriers had highest mean of BMI (P_NEAP=0.04, P_PRAL = 0.006), WC (P_NEAP=0.04, P_PRAL = 0.04), TC (P_NEAP=0.03, P_PRAL = 0.01), ghrelin (P_NEAP=0.01, P_PRAL = 0.04), and leptin (P_NEAP=0.04, P_PRAL = 0.03) when placed in top tertiles of NEAP and PRAL.BMI, WC, TC, ghrelin, and leptin levels may be modified in C carriers by decreasing DAL, though, further investigations are required to confirm these findings.

Background: It is now becoming increasingly recognized that the effects of vitamin D supplementation may vary by several factors including vitamin D deficiency status, ethnicity, and/or the presence of genetic variants, which affect individual responses to supplementation. This study investigates the interaction between metabolic traits and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25OHD) concentration with 4 polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor (VDR) including BsmI, ApaI, TaqI, FokI, and vitamin D supplementation. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of papers until August 2021 on PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Science Direct, and Embase about the association between functionally relevant VDR variants and vitamin D supplementation on circulating 25OHD and metabolic traits. Results: A total of 2994 cases from 16 randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies were included in meta-analyses. There were no significant changes in the serum concentrations of 25OHD and metabolic traits after vitamin D supplementation in different variants of BsmI, ApaI, TaqI, and FokI polymorphism in the VDR gene in the overall analysis (p>0.05). However, the results showed there is significant interaction between these above VDR polymorphisms and vitamin D supplement on serum 25OHD level after subgroup analyses based on the study duration, gender, age, BMI, health status, Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium, PCR, and race (p<0.05). Conclusions: The present meta-analysis demonstrates that the effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum 25OHD and metabolic traits is independent of genetic variants of the VDR gene (BsmI, ApaI, TaqI, and FokI). However, future trials should consider inter-individual differences and, in particular, should aim to clarify whether certain subgroups of individuals may benefit from vitamin D supplementation in the context of metabolic health.

Gene–diet interaction is related to the progression of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases biomarkers. We aimed to evaluate the interaction between diet quality indices and BDNF Val66Mat (rs6265) on cardiometabolic markers among diabetic patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 634 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, which were randomly recruited from diabetic centers in Tehran. Dietary intakes were estimated by a previously validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire comprising 147 items. All participants were categorized into three categories, based on healthy eating index (HEI), diet quality index (DQI), and phytochemical index (PI) scores. Polymerase chain reaction was used for genotyping the BDNF Val66Met. Interactions were tested using analysis of covariance in adjusted and crude models. Our result showed that higher DQI, HEI, and PI scores significantly decrease body mass index and waist circumference among individuals with Met/Met, Val/Met, and Val/Val genotypes (P interactions < 0.05). Moreover, the highest quartile of the DQI and PI, compared to the lowest, showed lower TG level among Met allele carriers compared to Val/Val homozygotes (P interaction = 0.004 and 0.01, respectively) and a faster reduction in IL-18 and TC level was seen among Met/Met, Val/Met who had higher HEI intake than those with Val/Val genotype. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism may interact with HEI, DQI, and PI. We have revealed that Met allele acts as a protective allele for diabetic patients and may have a beneficial influence on cardio-metabolic factors through regulating dietary intake.