In this paper, a model based on discrete wavelet transform and convolutional neural network for brain MR image classification has been proposed. The proposed model is comprised of three main stages, namely preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. In the preprocessing, the median filter has been applied to remove salt-and-pepper noise from the brain MRI images. In the discrete wavelet transform, discrete Harr wavelet transform has been used. In the proposed model, 3-level Harr wavelet decomposition has been applied on the images to remove low-level detail and reduce the size of the images. Next, the convolutional neural network has been used for classifying the brain MR images into normal and abnormal. The convolutional neural network is also a prevalent classification method and has been widely used in different areas. In this study, the convolutional neural network has been used for brain MRI classification. The proposed methodology has been applied to the standard dataset, and for performance evaluation, we have used different performance evaluation measures. The results indicate that the proposed method provides good results with 99% accuracy. The proposed method results are then presented for comparison with some state-of-the-art algorithms where simply the proposed method outperforms the counterpart algorithms. The proposed model has been developed to be used for practical applications.

This article addresses the need for an innovative technique in plasma shaping, utilizing antenna structures, Maxwell’s laws, and boundary conditions within a shielded environment. The motivation lies in exploring a novel approach to efficiently generate high-energy density plasma with potential applications across various fields. Implemented in an E01 circular cavity resonator, the proposed method involves the use of an impedance and field matching device with a coaxial connector and a specially optimized monopole antenna. This setup feeds a low-loss cavity resonator, resulting in a high-energy density air plasma with a surface temperature exceeding 3500 ^o C, achieved with a minimal power input of 80 W. The argon plasma, resembling the shape of a simple monopole antenna with modeled complex dielectric values, offers a more energy-efficient alternative compared to traditional, power-intensive plasma shaping methods. Simulations using a commercial electromagnetic (EM) solver validate the design’s effectiveness, while experimental validation underscores the method’s feasibility and practical implementation. Analyzing various parameters in an argon atmosphere, including hot S -parameters and plasma beam images, the results demonstrate the successful application of this technique, suggesting its potential in coating, furnace technology, fusion, and spectroscopy applications.

Plasma shaping—the synthesis and control of plasma geometry—is essential for applications in fusion energy, space propulsion, materials processing, and environmental technologies. Traditional approaches rely on magnetic confinement, electrostatic control, or structural boundaries. This work demonstrates a free-standing spherical plasma, sustained solely by 9.3-GHz microwave fields at atmospheric pressure, without material-contact confinement. The system employs a miniaturized spherical plasma antenna housed inside a resonant cavity and exhibits structured molecular emissions, including hydroxyl and nitric oxide bands. Spectroscopic diagnostics confirm a nonequilibrium discharge with rotational temperatures ranging from approximately 700 to 3050 K and electron densities on the order of 10²⁰–10²¹ m⁻³, estimated via power balance modeling. This method eliminates the need for external magnetic fields, structural walls, or gas flow stabilization—enabling a compact and scalable platform for localized and high-density plasmas. Potential applications include surface treatment, plasma-assisted chemistry, diagnostics, and miniaturized plasma reactor development. The system also supports analog studies of fusion-relevant plasma shaping across varied gas compositions and pressures, including ambient air. These capabilities position GHz-driven, free-standing plasmas as a versatile tool for both applied technologies and fundamental plasma science.