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The purpose of the work is to analyze the structure of the environmental impact of energy willow cultivation (Salix spp.) on plantations of various sizes, divided per materials and processes. The research covered 15 willow plantations, ranging from 0.31 ha to 12 ha, located in southern Poland. It was found, among others, that the so-called processes, i.e. the use of technical means of production, dominate the structure of the environmental impact (EI) related to the cultivation of energy willow, and that the cultivation of energy willow on larger plantations has a much lower environmental impact compared to cultivation on smaller plantations. Also, in the case of the environmental impact of processes, the largest environmental impact was recorded in the human health category, which is mainly associated with the consumption of fuel, i.e. diesel. It was determined, e.g., that the cultivation of energetic willow on larger plantations is characterized by a much lower environmental impact (as per the cultivation area), at approx. 108 Pt, compared to the cultivation on smaller plantations, where the value of the environmental impact is 168 Pt. A decisively dominant position in the structure of the environmental impact (EI), related to the cultivation of energy willow, is held by the so-called processes, i.e. the use of technical means of production. Their share in the total environmental impact decreases from 148.5 Pt in the group of the smallest plantations to 77.9 Pt in the group of the largest plantations.
Zbigniew Kowalczyk; Dariusz Kwaśniewski. Environmental impact of the cultivation of energy willow in Poland. Scientific Reports 2021, 11, 1 -15.
AMA StyleZbigniew Kowalczyk, Dariusz Kwaśniewski. Environmental impact of the cultivation of energy willow in Poland. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11 (1):1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZbigniew Kowalczyk; Dariusz Kwaśniewski. 2021. "Environmental impact of the cultivation of energy willow in Poland." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1: 1-15.
The increasing global human population requires providing a larger amount of food, including vegetables. This, in turn, leads to increased intensity of production, which impacts the environment. The paper contains a comparative analysis of the technologies of conventional and organic carrot production in the context of their impact on the natural environment. The environmental analysis was carried out using a standardized global Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. The research was conducted for carrot plantations in the south of Poland, a part of the country which is one of the main producers of this vegetable in Europe; the region in question is characterised by a very large area where the carrot is grown. The ‘cradle-to-gate’ approach was adopted, given the fact that at this stage of production there are significant differences related to the technologies used for both systems of cultivation. The cultivation area (1 ha) was adopted as the main functional unit. For the purpose of a more extensive analysis, selected final results were additionally compared against the yield (1 t). In order to determine the environmental correlations of all the inputs and outputs included in the LCA research and to estimate their impact on the environment, the SimaPro ver. 8.1.0.60 application was used. The cultivation area (1 ha) was adopted as the main functional unit. For the purpose of a more extensive analysis, selected final results were additionally compared against the yield (1 t).
Zbigniew Kowalczyk; Michał Cupiał. Environmental analysis of the conventional and organic production of carrot in Poland. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 269, 122169 .
AMA StyleZbigniew Kowalczyk, Michał Cupiał. Environmental analysis of the conventional and organic production of carrot in Poland. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 269 ():122169.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZbigniew Kowalczyk; Michał Cupiał. 2020. "Environmental analysis of the conventional and organic production of carrot in Poland." Journal of Cleaner Production 269, no. : 122169.
The paper presents the impact of the initial processing, cultivar, and storage time on the physico-chemical quality of freeze-dried crisps. Sweet pepper after initial washing and crushing was subjected to further four combinations of the initial processing. The first combination included freezing, the second one blanching in 98°C and 2-minutes time, the third one -dehydration in 2% solution of ascorbic acid and the fourth one -dehydration in 2% solution of sodium chloride. Both types of dehydration were carried out in 70°C for 20 minutes with a 1:4 participation of raw material to osmotic solution. Blanched and dehydrated raw materials were subjected to freezing in -18°C for 24 hours. After the completed process of freezing, the samples were moved to a freezer-drier and were dried by sublimation in -18°C and the reduced pressure of 63 Pa. Based on the research analyses a significant variability of physico-chemical properties of the obtained freeze-dried sweet pepper with regard to a cultivar, processing type and storage time were reported. Freeze-dried yellow sweet pepper was the most similar to the fresh raw material. It was dehydrated in the ascorbic acid solution. The storage time considerably influenced the reduction of the quality properties of sweet pepper crisps.
Dorota Sokołowska; Zbigniew Kowalczyk. Initial Treatment, Sublimation Drying and Storage Time of Sweet Pepper Crisps. Physico-Chemical Quality − Part I. Agricultural Engineering 2020, 24, 57 -68.
AMA StyleDorota Sokołowska, Zbigniew Kowalczyk. Initial Treatment, Sublimation Drying and Storage Time of Sweet Pepper Crisps. Physico-Chemical Quality − Part I. Agricultural Engineering. 2020; 24 (1):57-68.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDorota Sokołowska; Zbigniew Kowalczyk. 2020. "Initial Treatment, Sublimation Drying and Storage Time of Sweet Pepper Crisps. Physico-Chemical Quality − Part I." Agricultural Engineering 24, no. 1: 57-68.
A correct selection of the machinery park is vital for correct functioning of a farm. It is significant in sustainable farming where, except for economic factors, application of a suitable technique and technology in order to lead an effective production is crucial. The paper presents a method of designing a set of machines for a farm. The method was implemented in the computer application. A suitably selected, optimised machinery park enables a sustainable agricultural production and achievement of the desired economic, production and environmental effects. The application was practically verified and is used in teaching and farming practice.
Michał Cupiał; Zbigniew Kowalczyk. Optimization of Selection of the Machinery Park in Sustainable Agriculture. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1380 .
AMA StyleMichał Cupiał, Zbigniew Kowalczyk. Optimization of Selection of the Machinery Park in Sustainable Agriculture. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (4):1380.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Cupiał; Zbigniew Kowalczyk. 2020. "Optimization of Selection of the Machinery Park in Sustainable Agriculture." Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1380.
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Zbigniew Kowalczyk. Analiza techniczno-ekonomiczna realizacji przyłączy elektroenergetycznych w wybranych obiektach aglomeracji wiejskiej. PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 2019, 1, 154 -157.
AMA StyleZbigniew Kowalczyk. Analiza techniczno-ekonomiczna realizacji przyłączy elektroenergetycznych w wybranych obiektach aglomeracji wiejskiej. PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY. 2019; 1 (12):154-157.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZbigniew Kowalczyk. 2019. "Analiza techniczno-ekonomiczna realizacji przyłączy elektroenergetycznych w wybranych obiektach aglomeracji wiejskiej." PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 1, no. 12: 154-157.
The paper carries out a comparative analysis of the production technology of energy willow on plantations varied on account of the surface area in the aspect of the impact on the natural environment. The studies covered the cultivation of willow in the southern part of Poland. Technologies from soil preparation for cultivation to first harvesting and transport to a farm were analysed. A type of the applied technological treatments, used machines and transport means as well as the time of their operation, amount of the consumed fuel, pesticides, fertilizers, and water were taken into consideration. The research results were referred to the surface area of willow cultivation (1 ha). To determine the environmental impact SimaPro program version 8.1.0.60 was used. It was concluded, inter alia, that cultivation of willow on smaller plantations constitutes a bigger environmental footprint.
Zbigniew Kowalczyk; Dariusz Kwaśniewski. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Energy Willow Cultivation on Plantations with Varied Surface Area. Agricultural Engineering 2019, 23, 11 -19.
AMA StyleZbigniew Kowalczyk, Dariusz Kwaśniewski. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Energy Willow Cultivation on Plantations with Varied Surface Area. Agricultural Engineering. 2019; 23 (4):11-19.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZbigniew Kowalczyk; Dariusz Kwaśniewski. 2019. "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Energy Willow Cultivation on Plantations with Varied Surface Area." Agricultural Engineering 23, no. 4: 11-19.
The paper analyses the detailed structure of the environmental footprint of technologies used for potato production on plantations covering areas of various sizes. The research was conducted for potato cultivation in Lesser Poland. In order to determine the environmental impact with the LCA method, the SimaPro application was used, ver. 8.1.0.60. The “cradle-to-gate” approach was adopted, taking into account the type of technological practices, as well as machines, duration of their operation, number of seed potatoes, fertilisers, pesticides, used fuel and water. The final results were referred to the area of cultivation (1 ha). It was, for instance, found that one of the greatest impact factors of potato cultivation affecting the natural environment is the use of seed potatoes and relatively high consumption of diesel.
Zbigniew Kowalczyk. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of potato production. E3S Web of Conferences 2019, 132, 02003 .
AMA StyleZbigniew Kowalczyk. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of potato production. E3S Web of Conferences. 2019; 132 ():02003.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZbigniew Kowalczyk. 2019. "Life cycle assessment (LCA) of potato production." E3S Web of Conferences 132, no. : 02003.
The paper contains a comparative analysis of technologies used for potato production on plantations covering areas of various sizes in the context of their impact on the natural environment. The research was conducted for potato plantations in the south of Poland. For its purposes, the “cradle-to-gate” approach was adopted. The type of technological practices applied were taken into account, as well as machines used, duration of their operation, number of seed potatoes, fertilisers, pesticides, used fuel and water. The final results were referred to the area of cultivation (1 ha). In order to determine the environmental correlations of all the inputs and outputs included in the LCA research and estimate their impact on the environment, the SimaPro application was used, ver. 8.1.0.60. It was, for instance, found that the cultivation of potatoes on smaller plantations affects the natural environment more adversely.
Zbigniew Kowalczyk. Environmental impact of potato cultivation on plantations covering areas of various sizes. E3S Web of Conferences 2019, 132, 02002 .
AMA StyleZbigniew Kowalczyk. Environmental impact of potato cultivation on plantations covering areas of various sizes. E3S Web of Conferences. 2019; 132 ():02002.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZbigniew Kowalczyk. 2019. "Environmental impact of potato cultivation on plantations covering areas of various sizes." E3S Web of Conferences 132, no. : 02002.
The objective of the paper was to analyse the expenditures of labour in production of three selected fruit types (apples, black currant and gooseberry) including, inter alia, in relation to the surface area of a plantation. The total inputs of labour were calculated with a division into manual and mechanized works. Moreover, a detailed structure of manual and mechanized works was presented. It was stated, inter alia, that labour consumption of apple production is approximately four times higher in comparison to black currant and gooseberry. No impact of the plantation size on the total work inputs on fruit production was reported.
Zbigniew Kowalczyk; Katarzyna Grotkiewicz. Labour Consumption of Production of Selected Fruit. Agricultural Engineering 2018, 22, 29 -36.
AMA StyleZbigniew Kowalczyk, Katarzyna Grotkiewicz. Labour Consumption of Production of Selected Fruit. Agricultural Engineering. 2018; 22 (3):29-36.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZbigniew Kowalczyk; Katarzyna Grotkiewicz. 2018. "Labour Consumption of Production of Selected Fruit." Agricultural Engineering 22, no. 3: 29-36.
The objective of the paper is to present methods of evaluation of real estates used for evaluation of agricultural equipment and types of value related thereto. Alina carrot harvester by Waremczuk company served as an example, for which a detailed methodology and the results of valuation were presented. Evaluation was carried out based on two approaches namely a comparative and cost approach. In the case of the comparative approach, the average price adjustment method was used and in the case of the cost approach - a replacement cost method.As a result of using various approaches and methods of evaluation two slightly different values of the evaluated harvester were obtained. It was respectively: EUR16,406 - at the use of the average price adjustment method and EUR 17,678 - the estimated net replacement value in the cost approach for the replacement method.
Zbigniew Kowalczyk; Michał Cupiał. Estimation methods of the agricultural equipment value with regard toevaluation of Alina carrot harvester. BIO Web of Conferences 2018, 10, 01011 .
AMA StyleZbigniew Kowalczyk, Michał Cupiał. Estimation methods of the agricultural equipment value with regard toevaluation of Alina carrot harvester. BIO Web of Conferences. 2018; 10 ():01011.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZbigniew Kowalczyk; Michał Cupiał. 2018. "Estimation methods of the agricultural equipment value with regard toevaluation of Alina carrot harvester." BIO Web of Conferences 10, no. : 01011.
The original program Nawozy-5 is an application supporting mineral fertilisation. It is intended for small farms that are not equipped with facilities enabling application of precision agriculture and do not use any commercial software for farm management support. Computational algorithms in the program Nawozy-5 make use of the nutrient balance method. The application calculates requirement for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium and sulphur and then selects particular fertilisers and calculates their quantities. The program is free of charge and available online on the author’s website www.cupial.mcpk.net.
Michał Cupiał; Zbigniew Kowalczyk. Computer-aided fertilisation using the Nawozy-5 (Fertiliser-5) software. BIO Web of Conferences 2018, 10, 02002 .
AMA StyleMichał Cupiał, Zbigniew Kowalczyk. Computer-aided fertilisation using the Nawozy-5 (Fertiliser-5) software. BIO Web of Conferences. 2018; 10 ():02002.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Cupiał; Zbigniew Kowalczyk. 2018. "Computer-aided fertilisation using the Nawozy-5 (Fertiliser-5) software." BIO Web of Conferences 10, no. : 02002.
The paper describes basic methodology assumptions related to construction of Bayesian networks. The paper aims at preparation of data for modeling to obtain fresh knowledge on economic and agricultural database and will constitute the first stage of research. Variables (economic and agricultural indicators) with discreet values were used for analysis with the use of two step grouping technique and previous non-typical data were explored. The research was carried out on the group of three hundred individual fanns from Malopolskie and Swiçtokrzyskie Voiovedship. The knowledge obtained from analyses will be used in practice in agricultural engineering in order to support agricultural activity.
Katarzyna Grotkiewicz; Agnieszka Peszek; Zbigniew Kowalczyk. Verification of Economic and Agricultural Indicators With the Use of Statistical Methods on the Example of Individual Farms. Agricultural Engineering 2016, 20, 43 -51.
AMA StyleKatarzyna Grotkiewicz, Agnieszka Peszek, Zbigniew Kowalczyk. Verification of Economic and Agricultural Indicators With the Use of Statistical Methods on the Example of Individual Farms. Agricultural Engineering. 2016; 20 (3):43-51.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Grotkiewicz; Agnieszka Peszek; Zbigniew Kowalczyk. 2016. "Verification of Economic and Agricultural Indicators With the Use of Statistical Methods on the Example of Individual Farms." Agricultural Engineering 20, no. 3: 43-51.
The objective of the article was to compare the level and structure of wear and tear of various types of the most popular agricultural buildings in the selected agricultural farms. A comparative analysis of physical and functional wear as well as investment expenditures of the selected objects in 2010-2014 was carried out. The scope of the article covered agricultural buildings with which 90 farms in the southern Poland are equipped. These farms were varied on account of the surface area and the production nature. The detailed analysis covered: cowsheds, piggeries, garages, fruit and vegetable storages, greenhouses and barns. The average age of the majority of farm buildings as well as a considerable degree of physical wear in comparison to a lower functional wear was determined.
Zbigniew Kowalczyk; Katarzyna Grotkiewicz. Wear of Farm Buildings in Selected Farms. Agricultural Engineering 2016, 20, 109 -116.
AMA StyleZbigniew Kowalczyk, Katarzyna Grotkiewicz. Wear of Farm Buildings in Selected Farms. Agricultural Engineering. 2016; 20 (2):109-116.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZbigniew Kowalczyk; Katarzyna Grotkiewicz. 2016. "Wear of Farm Buildings in Selected Farms." Agricultural Engineering 20, no. 2: 109-116.
The objective of the paper was to analyse the use of the designed photobioreactor for freshwater microalgae cultivation in the controlled laboratory conditions. The work covered the design and construction of photobioreactors (PBR) and setting up comparative cultivations of freshwater microalgae chlorelli vulgaris along with determination of the biomass growth intensity for a varied amount of supplied culture medium. It was found out that the constructed PBR may be used for microalgae cultivation in the controlled conditions. The impact of the culture medium amount on the growth of chlorelli vulgaris was proved. As a result of the increase of culture medium concentration to 30.1-120.4 ml·l−1 of water, dry mass in photobioreactorsincreased respectively from 1.33 g·dm−3 to 4.68 g·dm−3.
Beata Brzychczyk; Zbigniew Kowalczyk; Jan Giełżecki. Evaluation of Usefulness of the Designed Laboratory Photobioreactor for Microalgae Cultivation in Controlled Conditions. Agricultural Engineering 2016, 20, 13 -22.
AMA StyleBeata Brzychczyk, Zbigniew Kowalczyk, Jan Giełżecki. Evaluation of Usefulness of the Designed Laboratory Photobioreactor for Microalgae Cultivation in Controlled Conditions. Agricultural Engineering. 2016; 20 (1):13-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeata Brzychczyk; Zbigniew Kowalczyk; Jan Giełżecki. 2016. "Evaluation of Usefulness of the Designed Laboratory Photobioreactor for Microalgae Cultivation in Controlled Conditions." Agricultural Engineering 20, no. 1: 13-22.