This study is meant to be an evaluation sustained by theoretical and empirical considerations of the exchange rate impact on international commercial trade competitiveness. In this respect, the study aims to find how the exchange rate influences Romanian competitiveness through assessing the effects generated on exports and imports. The main purpose of the study is to assess the complex action of the exchange rate on international commercial trade competitiveness in contemporaneity and the connections between these variables. The empirical part contains a regression analysis where exports and imports are dependent variables influenced by a series of determinants.

The objective of this paper is to summarize an extensive bibliographical search by presenting the retrospective of EU organic food from the point of regulation, policy framework, trends and challenges. We also make a critical review of existing scientific evidence regarding European trends in organic food consumption and production and we identify research gaps for future comprehensive assessments of the policy and legal framework. This review has indicated the importance of the two pillars, namely regulation and policy, highlighting not only the need for solid restrictions regarding organic food production, however also the need to support food safety and consumer confidence in the growing organic food market.

Given the contradiction between the current demands for sustainability and the way that the financial system works, this paper explored in a retrospective and a prospective view, Romanian Public Finance Sustainability, highlighting the major challenges and vulnerabilities. Relating to the retrospective part, we concentrated mainly on empirical tests on Romanian government solvency between the period 1990–2020, by applying un it root and co-integration tests. To gain a better, general understanding of the behavior of policy-makers, in the second part we used a scenario analysis of budgetary adjustment in the short and medium run under alternative hypotheses. The results provided formal proof that policy makers decisions face critical and complex questions, and the way in which they manage fiscal stimuli has a direct implication on the sustainability of the country and on the lax implementation of fiscal policy.

Sustainable economic growth is considered a fundamental problem due to the effects that can be felt on the society as a whole, along with the phenomenon of banking integration that can influence the development of a country’s economy. This research aims to investigate the impact of banking market integration on sustainable economic growth in EU countries, especially in the context of financial integration, a good consolidation of the banking market is needed. We also identified the main factors by which the development of the banking market influences economic growth. The analysis was carried out for the period 2004–2018 in EU countries as a sample. According to the results obtained, we can say that European banking integration has a positive influence and has many benefits on the growth and sustainable development of the economy. The main factors by which banking integration significantly and positively favors economic growth are convergence of asset returns, convergence of interest rates, cross-border lending to the non-banking sector, foreign assets and foreign liabilities), the ratio of international banking activities, the ratio between assets and GDP, and the net interest margin (only when maintaining a low level) with some differences between the pre-crisis and the post-crisis period, the countries in the Euro Zone outside the euro, and the new EU member states and the old EU member states.

The concept of tourism destination image is closely related to the brand image of the destination. A good public image of a certain location is the first step in establishing or enhancing the branding of that destination. The image of the destination can be a primary, secondary or global one, the latter incorporating the first two. The sustainability of a positive image of the destination is based on both positive secondary image and positive global image. The purpose of this research is to separately analyze the two types of images for a given tourist destination (Bihor, Romania) that has registered, in recent years, a remarkable increase in the number of visitors. The increase in the number of visitors was accompanied by a substantial increase in tourism revenues, which drew attention, both for the policy makers and researchers, to investigate how the image of this popular place is perceived. The research is based on a questionnaire-based survey applied on a sample of 607 persons, residents in Romania. The research method used was the questionnaire-based survey, which was applied between May and June 2020 on online city groups. The collected data were processed with IBM Statistical package for social sciences version 25 and the results show significant differences between the two types of images (secondary image and global image), a dangerous situation in the medium and long term for destination management. The nuances in the perception of the image of a destination based on the two types of respondents (who experienced and who did not experience the destination) can be explained by the aggressive strategy of promoting the tourist destination, but this is an inefficient strategy for younger age groups. The study allows us to formulate conclusions and to propose measures to correct the situation.

This article examines the evolving landscape of Human–Robot Interaction (HRI) in the era of intelligent automation, with a dual focus on the technical enablers that shape contemporary robotic systems and the economic implications arising from their large-scale adoption. Building on an interdisciplinary corpus of recent literature (2023–2025), the paper synthesizes advances in collaborative robotics, multimodal sensing, edge and cloud intelligence, digital twins, adaptive control, reinforcement learning, and large language model–driven interaction frameworks. These developments redefine the boundaries of autonomy, safety, and shared decision-making in human–robot collaborative environments. From an economic perspective, the review evaluates how HRI reshapes productivity, labor allocation, skill requirements, and value distribution across sectors such as manufacturing, logistics, healthcare, education, and domestic services. Further-more, the paper proposes a conceptual model of collaborative value creation, highlighting new mechanisms for shared productivity gains, ecosystem complementarities, and socio-technical governance. Key challenges—ranging from regulatory uncertainty and accountability gaps to workforce transitions and ethical constraints—are discussed in connection with design decisions for future HRI systems. The final section is dedicated to outlining strategic directions for integrating the technical, economic, and governance dimensions into next-generation human–robot interaction, providing a foundation for sustainable and human-centered implementation within Industry 5.0.