Calcined biowaste durian peel (BDP) contains 86% potassium element as the main compound and has successfully catalyzed the transesterification of palm oil to biodiesel at room temperature. The effect of catalyst weight, molar ratio of palm oil to methanol, reaction time, and rotational speed of the homogenizer device was investigated on biodiesel conversion and yield. The highest biodiesel conversion of 97.4 ± 0.3% was achieved using the following reaction conditions: a catalyst weight of 5 wt %, a molar ratio of palm oil to methanol of 1:15, a reaction time of 10 min, and a rotational speed of 6000 rpm. Unfortunately, calcined BDP could not hold its catalytic activity in the reusability study. The biodiesel conversion was decreased in the second cycle due to the decrease of both catalyst weight and concentration of potassium ions after the first cycle. However, the calcined BDP paired with a homogenizer device could produce biodiesel in a short reaction time and at room temperature.

Used cooking oil is quite abundant household waste, and is not feasible for food. The main components of oil are triglyceride compounds which have the potential as premium substitute fuels. Activated natural zeolites can be used as heterogeneous catalysts in cracking reaction of vegetable oil. Activation and impregnation of metals in natural zeolites can increase the ability of zeolites as catalysts in the reaction of cracking of used cooking oil. This study aims to prepare and characterize the active Ni-Fe/Zeolite catalyst and test the activity of Ni-Fe/active zeolite catalysts in used cooking oil catalytic cracking. The stages of this research are (1) preparation and characterization of active Ni-Fe/Zeolite catalysts by activation and adsorption of Ni and Fe metals in active zeolites (ZAk) so that they are called Ni-Fe55/ZAk, Ni-Fe57/ZAk and Ni-Fe75 catalysts/ZAk, (2) Test the activity of Ni-Fe/ZAk catalyst on catalytic cracking of used cooking oil and identification and characterization of cracking products. The results showed that the Ni-Fe/ZAk catalyst in the form of reddish granules was 30-50 mesh in size, with the character of the face area for Ni-Fe55/ZAk, Ni-Fe57/ZAk and Ni-Fe75/ZAk catalyst respectively for the surface area was 157.900-143.823 m²/g, the pore radius is 12.197-12.244 Å, the total pore volume is 0,096-0,088 cc/g and the Si/Al ratio is 5.985-6.162. Used cooking oil can be pierced with NiFe55 ZAk catalyst at a temperature of 450°C, the yield is 31.3%. The main components of cracking are tridecane, 1-tridecene, tetradekana, 1-heptadecene, octane, nonane, 3-hexadecene, heptadecane, 8-heptadecene and heptadecane.

The purpose of this study was to synthesize NaY zeolite by utilizing local sand as a source of silica which was carried out at various crystallization temperatures. The synthesis of NaY zeolite is carried out using silica resulted from the purification of local sand while NaOH and Al₂O₃ are pure analysis (pa) quality. Crystallization temperature was carried out at various temperatures of 80, 100, and 150 °C. The synthesis results were characterized by physical properties, XRF, FTIR, XRD, SEM, surface area. NaY zeolite was successfully synthesized supported by FTIR data by the presence of functional groups such as Si-O, O-Al-O, Si-OH, and O-H from Si-OH, and SEM data which showed the formation of cube-shaped crystals. The formation of NaY zeolite is also strengthened by the appearance of peaks with a sharp intensity from XRD diffractogram that this zeolite is NaY and as well as data molar ratio of Si/Al is in the range of 2.027 to 2.045 respectively at various crystallization temperature. The crystallization temperature of 80 °C produces NaY zeolite better than that of crystallization temperatures of 100 and 150 °C. The synthesized NaY zeolites using local sand have a good surface area that is 658 m²/g. The crystallization temperature affects the success of NaY zeolite synthesis.