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Márcio Nunes
USDA-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, University Boulevard, Ames, IA 50011–3611, USA

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Article
Published: 16 May 2021 in Agronomy Journal
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Maize (Zea mays L.) stover can be harvested for multiple uses or left in the field to sustain soil organic carbon (SOC), cycle essential plant nutrients, and protect soil health. This 13‐year field study quantified effects of no (0 Mg ha–1 y–1), low (1.0 to 1.4 Mg ha–1 y–1), moderate (3.5 to 4.0 Mg ha–1 y–1), or high rates (4.7 to 5.4 Mg ha–1 y–1) of stover harvest from either continuous maize or maize – soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.] rotation on grain yield, plant nutrient concentrations, and multiple soil properties at two sites in Iowa, USA. Stover harvest increased plant macro‐ and micro‐nutrient removal, but did not affect average grain yields of either crops. Soil inorganic carbon (IC), SOC, bulk density, pH, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) showed no significant differences due to stover harvest. Plant tissue and soil‐test nutrient concentration effects were also minor and site‐specific. Stover harvest significantly (p<0.05) decreased exchangeable K and Ca concentrations by 8.3 to 23.8% and 0.3 to 22.5% but overall soil health indicator effects were minimal. Overall, based on crop yields, plant nutrient and soil‐test concentrations, soil health indicators, and carbon sequestration estimates, maize stover harvest can be sustainable provided: (i) grain yields consistently exceed 11 Mg ha–1, (ii) stover removal does not exceed 40% of the above‐ground biomass (i.e., 3.5 to 4.0 Mg ha–1 y–1), and (iii) plant nutrients (especially K) are closely monitored. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ACS Style

Marcio R. Nunes; Mriganka De; Marshall D. McDaniel; John L. Kovar; Stuart Birrell; Douglas L. Karlen. Science‐based maize stover removal can be sustainable. Agronomy Journal 2021, 113, 3178 -3192.

AMA Style

Marcio R. Nunes, Mriganka De, Marshall D. McDaniel, John L. Kovar, Stuart Birrell, Douglas L. Karlen. Science‐based maize stover removal can be sustainable. Agronomy Journal. 2021; 113 (4):3178-3192.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcio R. Nunes; Mriganka De; Marshall D. McDaniel; John L. Kovar; Stuart Birrell; Douglas L. Karlen. 2021. "Science‐based maize stover removal can be sustainable." Agronomy Journal 113, no. 4: 3178-3192.

Article
Published: 03 May 2021 in Agronomy Journal
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Plant available water content or matric potential, particle size (texture), aeration, and penetration resistance are soil physical properties that influence soil structure, bulk density, aggregation, and several metabolic plant processes. Collectively they influence productivity and sustainability of agricultural practices, primarily through their impact on root development and growth. To simplify use of these parameters for assessing soil physical condition, the Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) was developed as an integrated, comprehensive soil physical quality indicator. Our objective was to use the LLWR to evaluate corn (Zea mays L.) seedling root growth in soils with clay, sandy clay loam, or sand texture. Overall, root growth was affected by soil water content, aeration, and penetration resistance. Upper and lower LLWR boundaries were defined by a minimum air‐filled porosity and maximum soil penetration resistance for water contents between field capacity and permanent wilting point. Herein, the LLWR was calculated using a range of minimum air‐filled porosity (0.117 to 0.146 m3 m−3), field capacity (‐2.2 to ‐5.3 kPa) and permanent wilting point or matric potential values (‐461 to ‐6,516 kPa), and a restrictive penetration resistance value of 1.6 MPa as boundaries. The LLWR was sensitive to soil texture, decreasing from fine to coarse soils. The highest and lowest relative root growth measurements fell inside and outside the LLWR boundaries, proving that this index can successfully predict the optimum soil physical conditions for seedlings root growth and can therefore be used as a sensitive soil physical quality. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ACS Style

Márcio R. Nunes; Renato P. de Lima; Cassio A. Tormena; Douglas L. Karlen. Corn seedling root growth response to soil physical quality. Agronomy Journal 2021, 113, 3135 -3146.

AMA Style

Márcio R. Nunes, Renato P. de Lima, Cassio A. Tormena, Douglas L. Karlen. Corn seedling root growth response to soil physical quality. Agronomy Journal. 2021; 113 (4):3135-3146.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Márcio R. Nunes; Renato P. de Lima; Cassio A. Tormena; Douglas L. Karlen. 2021. "Corn seedling root growth response to soil physical quality." Agronomy Journal 113, no. 4: 3135-3146.

Papers on original research
Published: 04 March 2021 in Soil Science Society of America Journal
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The concept of soil health has evolved over the past several decades, recognizing that dynamic soil property response to management and land use is highly dependent on site‐specific factors that must be considered when interpreting soil health measurements. Initially, the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) and Comprehensive Assessment of Soil Health (CASH) were developed and used globally for scoring soil health indicators. However, both SMAF and CASH frameworks were developed using a relatively small dataset and their interpretation curves were not validated at the nationwide scale. Expanding upon these concepts, we propose the Soil Health Assessment Protocol and Evaluation (SHAPE) tool. SHAPE was developed using 14,680 soil organic carbon (SOC) observations from across the United States and accounts for edaphic and climate factors at the continental scale. Data were compiled from the literature, the Cornell Soil Health Laboratory, and the Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory. In this approach, scoring curves are Bayesian model‐based estimates of the conditional cumulative distribution function (CDF) for defined soil peer groups reflecting five soil texture and five soil suborder classes adjusted for mean annual temperature and precipitation. Specifically, SHAPE produces scores between 0 and 1 (0 to 100%) for measured SOC values that reflect the quantile or position within the conditional CDF along with measures of uncertainty. Herein, we focus on development of the SHAPE scoring curve for SOC with four case studies. SHAPE is a flexible, quantitative tool that provides a regionally relevant interpretation of this key soil health indicator. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ACS Style

Márcio R. Nunes; Kristen S. Veum; Paul A. Parker; Scott H. Holan; Douglas L. Karlen; Joseph P. Amsili; Harold M. van Es; Skye A. Wills; Cathy A. Seybold; Thomas B. Moorman. The soil health assessment protocol and evaluation applied to soil organic carbon. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2021, 85, 1196 -1213.

AMA Style

Márcio R. Nunes, Kristen S. Veum, Paul A. Parker, Scott H. Holan, Douglas L. Karlen, Joseph P. Amsili, Harold M. van Es, Skye A. Wills, Cathy A. Seybold, Thomas B. Moorman. The soil health assessment protocol and evaluation applied to soil organic carbon. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 2021; 85 (4):1196-1213.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Márcio R. Nunes; Kristen S. Veum; Paul A. Parker; Scott H. Holan; Douglas L. Karlen; Joseph P. Amsili; Harold M. van Es; Skye A. Wills; Cathy A. Seybold; Thomas B. Moorman. 2021. "The soil health assessment protocol and evaluation applied to soil organic carbon." Soil Science Society of America Journal 85, no. 4: 1196-1213.

Journal article
Published: 15 July 2020 in Sustainability
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) influences several soil functions, making it one of the most important soil health indicators. Its quantity is determined by anthropogenic and inherent factors that must be understood to improve SOC management and interpretation. Topsoil (≤15 cm) SOC response to tillage depth and intensity, cover crops, stover removal, manure addition, and various cropping systems was assessed using 7610 observations from eight U.S. regions. Overall, including cover crops, reducing tillage depth and intensity increased SOC. The positive effects of cover crops were more noticeable in South Central, Northwest, and Midwest regions. Removing high rates (>65%) of crop residue decreased SOC in Midwestern and Southeastern soils. Depending on region, applying manure increased SOC by 21 to 41%, compared to non-manured soils. Diversified cropping systems (e.g., those utilizing small mixed vegetables, perennials, or dairy-based systems) had the highest topsoil SOC content, while more intensive annual row crops and large-scale single vegetable production systems, had the lowest. Among inherent factors, SOC increased as precipitation increased, but decreased as mean annual temperature increased. Texture influenced SOC, showing higher values in fine-texture than coarse-texture soils. Finally, this assessment confirmed that SOC can be a sensitive soil health indicator for evaluating conservation practices.

ACS Style

Márcio Nunes; Harold Van Es; Kristen Veum; Joseph Amsili; Douglas Karlen. Anthropogenic and Inherent Effects on Soil Organic Carbon across the U.S. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5695 .

AMA Style

Márcio Nunes, Harold Van Es, Kristen Veum, Joseph Amsili, Douglas Karlen. Anthropogenic and Inherent Effects on Soil Organic Carbon across the U.S. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (14):5695.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Márcio Nunes; Harold Van Es; Kristen Veum; Joseph Amsili; Douglas Karlen. 2020. "Anthropogenic and Inherent Effects on Soil Organic Carbon across the U.S." Sustainability 12, no. 14: 5695.

Journal article
Published: 08 March 2020 in Sustainability
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Tillage intensity affects soil structure in many ways but the magnitude and type (+/−) of change depends on site-specific (e.g., soil type) and experimental details (crop rotation, study length, sampling depth, etc.). This meta-analysis examines published effects of chisel plowing (CP), no-tillage (NT) and perennial cropping systems (PER) relative to moldboard plowing (MP) on three soil structure indicators: wet aggregate stability (AS), bulk density (BD) and soil penetration resistance (PR). The data represents four depth increments (from 0 to >40-cm) in 295 studies from throughout the continental U.S. Overall, converting from MP to CP did not affect those soil structure indicators but reducing tillage intensity from MP to NT increased AS in the surface (40-cm). Among those three soil structure indicators, AS was the most sensitive to management practices; thus, it should be used as a physical indicator for overall soil health assessment. In addition, based on this national meta-analysis, we conclude that reducing tillage intensity improves soil structure, thus offering producers assurance those practices are feasible for crop production and that they will also help sustain soil resources.

ACS Style

Márcio R. Nunes; Douglas L. Karlen; Thomas B. Moorman. Tillage Intensity Effects on Soil Structure Indicators—A US Meta-Analysis. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2071 .

AMA Style

Márcio R. Nunes, Douglas L. Karlen, Thomas B. Moorman. Tillage Intensity Effects on Soil Structure Indicators—A US Meta-Analysis. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (5):2071.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Márcio R. Nunes; Douglas L. Karlen; Thomas B. Moorman. 2020. "Tillage Intensity Effects on Soil Structure Indicators—A US Meta-Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 5: 2071.

Original research article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment
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Tillage intensity can affect chemical soil health indicators either positively or negatively depending on inherent soil properties and management practices. Soil chemical data (total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and pH) from four depth increments within 196 published studies were compiled and subjected to a meta‐analysis comparing chisel plow (CP), no‐till (NT), and perennial systems (PER) with moldboard plowing (MP). Overall, CP did not affect soil chemical indicators when compared to MP, but converting from MP to NT increased total N, P, and K concentrations within the top 15 cm. Below that depth, Ca and Mg concentrations were lower under NT than MP but total N, P, and K were not significantly different. Topsoil total N response to NT was moderated by soil order and cropping system, with the largest increase in total N found in Ultisols, Inceptisols, Alfisols, and Mollisols under more diversified cropping systems including those with cover crops. The greatest topsoil P increase in response to NT was found under long‐term experiments (>5‐yr) and on fine‐textured soils. Phosphorus changes in studies on coarse‐textured soils, with short‐term duration, and manure applications were generally neutral. Perennial systems had lower soil P and K but higher total N content in the surface layer as compared to MP. The positive response to PER systems was most notable in Alfisols, Mollisols, and Ultisols and under long‐term PER management. Finally, we demonstrate that these chemical indicators respond to tillage and cropping systems over a wide range of conditions, showing utility for soil health assessment.

ACS Style

Marcio R. Nunes; Douglas L. Karlen; Thomas B. Moorman; Cynthia A. Cambardella. How does tillage intensity affect chemical soil health indicators? A United States meta‐analysis. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment 2020, 3, 1 .

AMA Style

Marcio R. Nunes, Douglas L. Karlen, Thomas B. Moorman, Cynthia A. Cambardella. How does tillage intensity affect chemical soil health indicators? A United States meta‐analysis. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment. 2020; 3 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcio R. Nunes; Douglas L. Karlen; Thomas B. Moorman; Cynthia A. Cambardella. 2020. "How does tillage intensity affect chemical soil health indicators? A United States meta‐analysis." Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment 3, no. 1: 1.

Accepted manuscript
Published: 17 October 2019 in Environmental Research Communications
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Applying lime is a fundamental practice for abating acidity in highly weathered soil, but better management strategies for no-till systems are needed to prevent surface pH elevation with little to no subsurface effects. This study was conducted to quantify chemical changes within the soil profile in response to lime and straw applications under both greenhouse and field conditions. Four controlled environment experiments (soil columns) and one field study were conducted on soils classified as Rhodic Hapludox and Rhodic Eutrodox. The soil column experiments evaluated four lime rates (0, 3.9, 7.8, or 15.6 Mg ha-1) and four straw rates (0, 4, 12 and 16 Mg ha-1) either individually or in combination. Lime treatments were surface applied or incorporated in the top 5-cm, while straw treatments were incorporated in the top 5-cm. In the field, lime rates of 0, 8.3 and 33.2 Mg ha-1 were incorporated into the 0 to 10-cm depth in both a soybean [Glycine max] monoculture and diversified cropping system with white oat (Avena sativa), soybean, black oats (Avena strigosa), corn (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Both field and soil columns studies showed minimal lime movement into the soil profile with chemical changes being limited to 2.5-cm below where it was applied or incorporated regardless of cropping system. Surface application of high lime rates promoted chemical stratification resulting in dramatic increases in topsoil pH and exchangeable Ca and Mg levels with minimal mitigation of subsurface soil acidity. Other studies also suggest that lime movement into the soil profile can vary depending on the experimental condition. Therefore, additional investigations across a wider geographic area, greater range of weather and climatic conditions, methods and rates of lime application need to be conducted to improve lime recommendation for high weathered soil managed using no-till practices.

ACS Style

Marcio R. Nunes; José E Denardin; Carlos M P Vaz; Douglas L Karlen; Cynthia A Cambardella. Lime movement through highly weathered soil profiles. Environmental Research Communications 2019, 1, 115002 .

AMA Style

Marcio R. Nunes, José E Denardin, Carlos M P Vaz, Douglas L Karlen, Cynthia A Cambardella. Lime movement through highly weathered soil profiles. Environmental Research Communications. 2019; 1 (11):115002.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcio R. Nunes; José E Denardin; Carlos M P Vaz; Douglas L Karlen; Cynthia A Cambardella. 2019. "Lime movement through highly weathered soil profiles." Environmental Research Communications 1, no. 11: 115002.

Journal article
Published: 30 October 2018 in Soil and Tillage Research
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Tillage and no-tillage result in different soil mechanical responses which in turn may affect crop growth. Better understanding of soil compressive behavior, therefore, is relevant for the assessment of tillage practices in agricultural systems. We studied the change in soil compressive properties and their relationship with soil physical attributes and plant growth through a chisel tillage chronosequence in a Nitisol where soil was untilled after chiseling for 24 months, 18 months, 12 months, 6 months, and zero months, and was under continuous (12-year) NT. The effects were measured for three soil depth layers: 0 to 7-cm, 7 to 17-cm and 20 to 30-cm. Mechanical chiseling was found to reduce both the degree of compactness and the pre-compression pressure compared to continuous NT, but made the soil more susceptible to new compaction. The effects of chisel tillage generally persisted for a period of 12–24 months. The degree of compactness and soil pre-compression pressure were found to be strongly correlated, and were strongly correlated with other soil physical attributes (soil penetration resistance, soil macroporosity, and soil aggregate stability). They were negatively correlated with root length, root density, and root volume, as well as stalk diameter, linking soil structure indicators to plant growth. Our results also showed that soil compressive parameter values can be estimated based on other soil physical properties that influence plant growth. These findings have potential for studies of crop response to soil structure and soil compaction and could be used to aid in choosing optimal soil management practices, in order to reduce the risk of soil compaction, linking soil compressive behavior and soil physical conditions to plant growth.

ACS Style

Márcio R. Nunes; Eloy A. Pauletto; José E. Denardin; Luis E.A. S. Suzuki; Harold M. van Es. Dynamic changes in compressive properties and crop response after chisel tillage in a highly weathered soil. Soil and Tillage Research 2018, 186, 183 -190.

AMA Style

Márcio R. Nunes, Eloy A. Pauletto, José E. Denardin, Luis E.A. S. Suzuki, Harold M. van Es. Dynamic changes in compressive properties and crop response after chisel tillage in a highly weathered soil. Soil and Tillage Research. 2018; 186 ():183-190.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Márcio R. Nunes; Eloy A. Pauletto; José E. Denardin; Luis E.A. S. Suzuki; Harold M. van Es. 2018. "Dynamic changes in compressive properties and crop response after chisel tillage in a highly weathered soil." Soil and Tillage Research 186, no. : 183-190.

Scientific notes
Published: 01 December 2017 in Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira
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The objective of this work was to determine the measurement accuracy of the soil water matric potential (ψm) by puncture tensiometers with either rounded or pointed porous cups, installed with or without “soil mud”, and to compare the performance of these tensiometers with that of tensiometers equipped with mercury manometers. The experiment was conducted in a Ultisol, in a randomized complete block design, in a factorial arrangement with five replicates. Puncture tensiometers with rounded porous cups, installed with “soil mud”, present more elevated accuracy for ψm determination in a wider measurement range, resembling tensiometers equipped with mercury manometers in drying soil.

ACS Style

Hélio Henrique Soares Franco; Alvaro Pires Da Silva; Cássio Antonio Tormena; Camila Jorge Bernabé Ferreira; Márcio Renato Nunes; Renato Paiva De Lima; Paulo Leonel Libardi. Porous cup shape and installation mode influencing determinations of matric potential by tensiometers. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 2017, 52, 1291 -1294.

AMA Style

Hélio Henrique Soares Franco, Alvaro Pires Da Silva, Cássio Antonio Tormena, Camila Jorge Bernabé Ferreira, Márcio Renato Nunes, Renato Paiva De Lima, Paulo Leonel Libardi. Porous cup shape and installation mode influencing determinations of matric potential by tensiometers. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira. 2017; 52 (12):1291-1294.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hélio Henrique Soares Franco; Alvaro Pires Da Silva; Cássio Antonio Tormena; Camila Jorge Bernabé Ferreira; Márcio Renato Nunes; Renato Paiva De Lima; Paulo Leonel Libardi. 2017. "Porous cup shape and installation mode influencing determinations of matric potential by tensiometers." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 52, no. 12: 1291-1294.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2017 in Soil Science Society of America Journal
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Liming represents a common agricultural practice for abating soil acidity. Nevertheless, elevated amounts of agricultural lime in Oxisols, with or without cultural residue addition, could alter soil physicochemical properties and impact soil structure. In this context, the physical, chemical, and structural behaviors of an Oxisol under the addition of lime and straw were assessed. Lime doses (0, 3.9, 7.8, and 15.6 Mg ha–1) were either applied on the surface or incorporated into the 0- to 5-cm soil layer. Straw applications followed the same procedure with quantities of 0, 4, 12, or 16 Mg ha–1. The effects on the soil profile were evaluated through physicochemical (specific surface area, ζ potential, and pH), physical (density, penetration resistance, water dispersible clay, and total porosity), and micromorphological properties (surface area, volume, connectivity, size, and pore anisotropy) 1 yr after soil incubation in polyvinyl chloride cylinders 30 cm long and 14.5 cm in diameter. Lime application on the surface or into the 0- to 5-cm layer increased soil pH to values above 7.0 and the electronegative potential of soil colloid surface, promoting clay dispersion. Water-dispersed clay migrated in the soil profile, causing pore obstruction, and higher soil density and penetration resistance. In addition, excessive lime decreased specific surface area, anisotropy degree and the connectivity of the soil pore system. Straw addition promoted a slight increase of colloids electronegative potential but did not alter soil physical properties. Copyright © 2017. . Copyright © by the Soil Science Society of America, Inc.

ACS Style

Márcio R. Nunes; Carlos M. P. Vaz; José E. DeNardin; Harold M. Van Es; Paulo L. Libardi; Alvaro P. Da Silva. Physicochemical and Structural Properties of an Oxisol under the Addition of Straw and Lime. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2017, 81, 1328 -1339.

AMA Style

Márcio R. Nunes, Carlos M. P. Vaz, José E. DeNardin, Harold M. Van Es, Paulo L. Libardi, Alvaro P. Da Silva. Physicochemical and Structural Properties of an Oxisol under the Addition of Straw and Lime. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 2017; 81 (6):1328-1339.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Márcio R. Nunes; Carlos M. P. Vaz; José E. DeNardin; Harold M. Van Es; Paulo L. Libardi; Alvaro P. Da Silva. 2017. "Physicochemical and Structural Properties of an Oxisol under the Addition of Straw and Lime." Soil Science Society of America Journal 81, no. 6: 1328-1339.