In the scientific literature focused on surface electromyography (sEMG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), which have been described together and separately many times, presenting different possible applications, researchers have explored a diverse range of topics related to these advanced physiological measurement techniques. However, the analysis of the two signals and their interrelationships continues to be a focus of study in both static and dynamic movements. The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between signals during dynamic movements. To carry out the analysis described, the authors of this research paper chose two sports exercise protocols: the Astrand–Rhyming Step Test and the Astrand Treadmill Test. In this study, oxygen consumption and muscle activity were recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle of the left leg of five female participants. This study found positive correlations between EMG and fNIRS signals in all participants: 0.343–0.788 (median-Pearson) and 0.192–0.832 (median-Spearman). On the treadmill, the signal correlations between the participants with the most active and least active lifestyle achieved the following medians: 0.788 (Pearson)/0.832 (Spearman) and 0.470 (Pearson)/0.406 (Spearman), respectively. The shapes of the changes in the EMG and fNIRS signals during exercise suggest a mutual relationship during dynamic movements. Furthermore, during the treadmill test, a higher correlation was observed between the EMG and NIRS signals in participants with a more active lifestyle. Due to the sample size, the results should be interpreted with caution.

This study shows that the simple approach of keeping anodic TiO₂ nanotubes at 70 °C in ethanol for 1 h results in improved photoelectrochemical water splitting activity due to initiation of crystallization in the material amplified by the light‐induced formation of a Ti³⁺−V_o states under UV 365 nm illumination. For the first time, the light‐induced Ti³⁺−V_o states are generated when oxygen is present in the reaction solution and are stable when in contact with air (oxygen) for a long time (two months). We confirmed here that the amorphous or nearly amorphous structure of titania supports the survival of Ti³⁺ species in contact with oxygen. It is also shown that the ethanol treatment substantially improves the morphology of the titania nanotube arrays, specifically, less surface cracking and surface purification from C‐ and F‐based contamination from the electrolyte used for anodizing.