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Prof. Robyn Phipps
FRICS, ISIAQ, NZIOB, NAWIC, CIB, CASANZ, NZGBC (Director)

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Green Building
0 Indoor Air Quality
0 Universal Design
0 learning environments design
0 Indoor air quality sensors

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Indoor Air Quality
Indoor air quality sensors

Honors and Awards

New Zealand Prime Ministers Science Team Prize 2014

New Zealand Prime Minister




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Short Biography

Professor Robyn Phipps is the Professor in Construction and Director of Research for the School of Built Environment at Massey University. She has extensively researched the performance of homes and schools including heating, ventilation and energy efficiency. Universal design and health and safety are further research area. She is dedicated to creating environments that promote wellbeing for the occupants and the workers that make the buildings. She is Co-Director of the He Kainga Oranga Healthy Housing Research Group that was presented with the 2014 Prime Ministers Science Research Team Prize. She is a Director of the New Green Building Council and a Trustee of the Property Foundation and founding member of the Indoor Air Quality Research Centre.

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Original article
Published: 17 December 2020 in Indoor Air
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This study assessed associations between house characteristics and mold and musty odor, using data from three consecutive (2005, 2010, and 2015) New Zealand House Condition Surveys, involving a total of 1616 timber‐framed houses. Mold, musty odor, and house characteristics were assessed by independent building inspectors. We used multivariate logistic regression analyses mutually adjusted for other house characteristics for each survey separately. Positive and independent associations were found with tenure, ventilation, insulation, and envelope condition for both mold in living and bedrooms and musty odor. In particular, we found significant dose‐response associations with envelope condition, ventilation, and insulation. Odds of mold increased 2.4–15.9 times (across surveys) in houses with the worst building envelope condition (BEC; p < 0.05–0.001 for trend); optimal ventilation reduced the risk of mold by 60% and the risk of musty odor by 70%–90% (p < 0.01 for trend). Other factors associated with mold and musty odor included: tenure, with an approximate doubling of odds of mold across surveys; and insulation with consistent dose‐response patterns in all outcomes and surveys tested (p < 0.05 for trend in two surveys with mold and one survey for odor). In conclusion, this study showed the importance of BEC, ventilation, and insulation to avoiding harmful damp‐related exposures.

ACS Style

Phoebe Taptiklis; Robyn Phipps; Mark Jones; Jeroen Douwes. House characteristics and condition as determinants of visible mold and musty odor: Results from three New Zealand House Condition Surveys in 2005, 2010, and 2015. Indoor Air 2020, 31, 832 -847.

AMA Style

Phoebe Taptiklis, Robyn Phipps, Mark Jones, Jeroen Douwes. House characteristics and condition as determinants of visible mold and musty odor: Results from three New Zealand House Condition Surveys in 2005, 2010, and 2015. Indoor Air. 2020; 31 (3):832-847.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Phoebe Taptiklis; Robyn Phipps; Mark Jones; Jeroen Douwes. 2020. "House characteristics and condition as determinants of visible mold and musty odor: Results from three New Zealand House Condition Surveys in 2005, 2010, and 2015." Indoor Air 31, no. 3: 832-847.

Journal article
Published: 27 October 2020 in Sustainability
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This paper focuses on sustainable transportation of prefab products from factories to construction sites by ship. Since the transportation cost for all the prefab products of a construction site is mainly dependent on the number of cargo holds used on ships, a loading plan for prefab products that minimizes the number of holds required is highly desirable. This paper is therefore devoted to the development of an optimal loading plan that decides which prefab products are loaded into each cargo hold and how to pack these prefab products into the holds so that as few holds as possible are used. We formulate the problem as a large-scale integer optimization model whose objective function is to minimize the total number of cargo holds used and whose constraints represent the cargo hold capacity limits. We develop a heuristic to solve the problem and obtain a high-quality solution. We have tested the model and algorithm on a case study that includes 20 prefab products. We find that different cargo holds carry prefab products that have quite different densities. Moreover, the orientations of many prefab products are different from their default orientations. The results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model and algorithm.

ACS Style

Wen Yi; Robyn Phipps; Hans Wang. Sustainable Ship Loading Planning for Prefabricated Products in the Construction Industry. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8905 .

AMA Style

Wen Yi, Robyn Phipps, Hans Wang. Sustainable Ship Loading Planning for Prefabricated Products in the Construction Industry. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):8905.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wen Yi; Robyn Phipps; Hans Wang. 2020. "Sustainable Ship Loading Planning for Prefabricated Products in the Construction Industry." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 8905.

Original article
Published: 22 May 2020 in Virtual Reality
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Fire is a major hazard in built environments. Fires in buildings cause fatalities, serious injuries and tremendous damage. Most fires can be extinguished in the early stages of the fire’s development, with the right equipment and correct use of the equipment. However, as there can be as little as a few minutes between a fire starting and very dire consequences, rapid and correct responses are critical. Implementing effective training solutions is necessary to enable members of the public, who are not experts in fire safety, to use a fire extinguisher correctly. This can assist to build resilience to fires. In recent decades, virtual reality (VR) has aroused the fire safety community’s attention, as a smart, safe and effective training method compared to the traditional methods of lectures, non-interactive videos, and brochures. VR has been used for training for fire emergency preparedness and to collect data about evacuee decision-making, but VR has rarely been applied to a fully immersive training experience about fire extinguishers operation steps. Fire extinguisher operation steps are Pull, Aim, Squeeze and Sweep. Each step is critical to quickly extinguish a fire. This paper compares fire extinguisher training using a VR simulation with a non-interactive training video and evaluates the trainees learning of a fire extinguisher’s basic operation steps, in terms of knowledge acquisition, retention of information and change of self-efficacy. The results showed that the VR trainees scored better than video trainees, in terms of knowledge acquisition, even if the same trend was observed for long term retention of information. It was also observed that VR training provided a higher increment of self-efficacy right after the training. The VR group participants had maintained the same level of self-efficacy even 3–4 weeks after the training, while the video group had shown a significant drop of self-efficacy.

ACS Style

Ruggiero Lovreglio; Xinyue Duan; Anass Rahouti; Robyn Phipps; Daniel Nilsson. Comparing the effectiveness of fire extinguisher virtual reality and video training. Virtual Reality 2020, 25, 133 -145.

AMA Style

Ruggiero Lovreglio, Xinyue Duan, Anass Rahouti, Robyn Phipps, Daniel Nilsson. Comparing the effectiveness of fire extinguisher virtual reality and video training. Virtual Reality. 2020; 25 (1):133-145.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruggiero Lovreglio; Xinyue Duan; Anass Rahouti; Robyn Phipps; Daniel Nilsson. 2020. "Comparing the effectiveness of fire extinguisher virtual reality and video training." Virtual Reality 25, no. 1: 133-145.

Journal article
Published: 08 May 2020 in International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
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This paper describes two city centre regeneration strategies by reviewing existing literature and carrying out case study analysis to examine the approaches to City Centre Regeneration (CCR) pursued by two provincial areas in New Zealand. Findings from the exploratory case study analysis of the two examined cities revealed different approaches to CCR: (i) Invercargill – ‘demolition for redevelopment’; and (ii) Whanganui – ‘heritage preservation for regeneration’. Whereas the earthquake-prone building legislation has created logical arguments that have put earthquake-prone historical buildings in the spotlight for demolition in areas with weaker attachment to place, the same legislation has been used as a catalyst to provide opportunities for the seismic upgrade and preservation of the earthquake-prone historical buildings in areas with a stronger attachment to place. These discoveries imply that the actions (or inactions) of councils shape the way their communities perceive the value of the historical buildings in their city centres. Also, the decreasing retention and increasing demolitions trends of heritage buildings in New Zealand's provincial city centres as a result of the earthquake-prone building legislation, have now triggered discussions that have contributed to the recent regulatory and financial incentives initiated by the central government to address the unintended consequences of the legislation on the vitality of provincial areas.

ACS Style

Itohan Esther Aigwi; Olga Filippova; Jason Ingham; Robyn Phipps. Unintended consequences of the earthquake-prone building legislation: An evaluation of two city centre regeneration strategies in New Zealand's provincial areas. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2020, 49, 101644 .

AMA Style

Itohan Esther Aigwi, Olga Filippova, Jason Ingham, Robyn Phipps. Unintended consequences of the earthquake-prone building legislation: An evaluation of two city centre regeneration strategies in New Zealand's provincial areas. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2020; 49 ():101644.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Itohan Esther Aigwi; Olga Filippova; Jason Ingham; Robyn Phipps. 2020. "Unintended consequences of the earthquake-prone building legislation: An evaluation of two city centre regeneration strategies in New Zealand's provincial areas." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 49, no. : 101644.

Journal article
Published: 05 May 2020 in Cities
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This paper identifies the parameters for a performance-based framework to prioritise underutilised historical buildings for adaptive reuse interventions, while discussing its effectiveness towards promoting sustainable and resilient urban areas in New Zealand. A narrative review of extant literature is done to justify the need for the performance-based framework and build a list of relevant parameters that elucidates all or part of a typical decision-making process regarding the selection of historical buildings for adaptive reuse in New Zealand. Five main priority aspects with significant evaluation criteria that have been identified from this study are economic sustainability, built-heritage preservation, socio-cultural aspects, building usability, and regulatory aspects. This paper's originality pertains to the development of parameters for a performance-based framework that offers a basis for relevant adaptive reuse stakeholders to prioritise underutilised historical buildings while balancing their diverse objectives. Accordingly, the performance-based framework has been validated to justify the relevance of its applicability to the different outlined parameters, towards prioritising underutilised historical buildings for adaptive reuse in New Zealand.

ACS Style

Itohan Esther Aigwi; Jason Ingham; Robyn Phipps; Olga Filippova. Identifying parameters for a performance-based framework: Towards prioritising underutilised historical buildings for adaptive reuse in New Zealand. Cities 2020, 102, 102756 .

AMA Style

Itohan Esther Aigwi, Jason Ingham, Robyn Phipps, Olga Filippova. Identifying parameters for a performance-based framework: Towards prioritising underutilised historical buildings for adaptive reuse in New Zealand. Cities. 2020; 102 ():102756.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Itohan Esther Aigwi; Jason Ingham; Robyn Phipps; Olga Filippova. 2020. "Identifying parameters for a performance-based framework: Towards prioritising underutilised historical buildings for adaptive reuse in New Zealand." Cities 102, no. : 102756.

Journal article
Published: 18 March 2020 in Energies
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This study investigates the thermal efficiency of a solar air heater (SAH), when it was mounted on a custom-made support frame, and was operated under different air mass flow rate. This SAH is composed of a transparent polycarbonate cover plate, a felt absorber layer, a perforated aluminium back plate and an aluminium frame. The ambient inlet air of this SAH is heated as it passes through the perforated back plate and over the felt absorber layer. The heated air is blown out through the outlet. Studies of SAHs with a similar design to this SAH were not found in the literature. The experiment was carried out at Massey University, Auckland campus, NZ (36.7° S, 174.7° E). The global horizontal solar irradiance, the ambient temperature and the wind speed were recorded using an on-site weather station. Temperature and velocity of the air at the outlet were measured using a hot wire anemometer. During the experiment, the air mass flow rate was between 0.022 ± 0.001 kg/s and 0.056 ± 0.005 kg/s. Results showed that when the SAH was operated at the airflow between 0.0054 kg/s and 0.0058 kg/s, the inlet air temperature and the wind speed (between 0 and 6.0 m/s) did not impact the temperature difference between the outlet air and the inlet air. The thermal efficiency of the SAH increased from 34 ± 5% at the airflow between 0.021 kg/s and 0.023 kg/s, to 47 ± 6% at the airflow ranging from 0.032 kg/s to 0.038 kg/s, to 71 ± 4% at the airflow of 0.056 ± 0.005 kg/s. The maximum thermal efficiency of 75% was obtained at the airflow of 0.057 kg/s. The effective efficiency of the SAH was 32 ± 5% at the airflow between 0.021 kg/s and 0.023 kg/s, 42 ± 6% at the airflow ranging from 0.032 kg/s to 0.038 kg/s, and 46 ± 11% at the airflow of 0.056 ± 0.005 kg/s.

ACS Style

Yu Wang; Mikael Boulic; Robyn Phipps; Manfred Plagmann; Chris Cunningham. Experimental Performance of a Solar Air Collector with a Perforated Back Plate in New Zealand. Energies 2020, 13, 1415 .

AMA Style

Yu Wang, Mikael Boulic, Robyn Phipps, Manfred Plagmann, Chris Cunningham. Experimental Performance of a Solar Air Collector with a Perforated Back Plate in New Zealand. Energies. 2020; 13 (6):1415.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu Wang; Mikael Boulic; Robyn Phipps; Manfred Plagmann; Chris Cunningham. 2020. "Experimental Performance of a Solar Air Collector with a Perforated Back Plate in New Zealand." Energies 13, no. 6: 1415.

Original paper
Published: 22 February 2020 in Systemic Practice and Action Research
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In an adaptive reuse decision-making setting, there is usually an occurrence of conflicting beliefs, opinions, interests, and resources among relevant stakeholders. Knowing who these stakeholders are and why, through a collaborative approach, will allow stakeholders with diverse interests regarding adaptive reuse to come together and participate either directly or indirectly in any stage of the decision-making process. This paper examines the usefulness of collaborative rationality among stakeholders involved in an adaptive reuse decision-making process. The specific objectives include: to characterise the stakeholders involved in an adaptive reuse decision-making process; and; investigate how their collaborative rationality can be effectively integrated into the adaptive reuse decision-making process. After a review of existing literature, four typical categories of stakeholders involved in an adaptive reuse decision-making process were identified: i) investors; ii) producers; iii) regulators; and iv) users. Also, the effectiveness of collaboration among the diverse stakeholders of an adaptive reuse decision-making process was validated using a focus group workshop to incorporate transparency, common goal, ideal speech, and consistency into the process. These findings imply that the active collaboration among characterised adaptive reuse stakeholders is important to mitigate the risk of manipulation of an adaptive reuse decision-making process, and, for policy makers to understand better the expectations and needs of the public, thereby, enhancing consents for optimal adaptive reuse decisions.

ACS Style

Itohan Esther Aigwi; Robyn Phipps; Jason Ingham; Olga Filippova. Characterisation of Adaptive Reuse Stakeholders and the Effectiveness of Collaborative Rationality Towards Building Resilient Urban Areas. Systemic Practice and Action Research 2020, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Itohan Esther Aigwi, Robyn Phipps, Jason Ingham, Olga Filippova. Characterisation of Adaptive Reuse Stakeholders and the Effectiveness of Collaborative Rationality Towards Building Resilient Urban Areas. Systemic Practice and Action Research. 2020; ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Itohan Esther Aigwi; Robyn Phipps; Jason Ingham; Olga Filippova. 2020. "Characterisation of Adaptive Reuse Stakeholders and the Effectiveness of Collaborative Rationality Towards Building Resilient Urban Areas." Systemic Practice and Action Research , no. : 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 24 April 2019 in Sustainable Cities and Society
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While the efficacy of salvaging underutilised historical buildings to promote sustainable and resilient provincial urban areas in New Zealand has been identified from past studies, there is still an absence of a performance-based framework to rank optimal historical building alternatives for adaptive reuse interventions. This paper focuses on evaluating a performance-based Multiple Criteria Decision Assessment (MCDA) methodology to prioritise underutilised historical buildings for adaptive reuse intervention in a major provincial area in New Zealand, towards achieving a resilient town-centre regeneration for the area. A focus group workshop was conducted with 22 stakeholders involved in an existing town centre regeneration agenda for Whanganui, to explore and balance their opinions for optimal selection of a vacant historical building for adaptive reuse intervention from a group of proposed buildings. The participant mix comprised a combination of building professionals, historical building owners/developers/users, legal, heritage, and council/community representatives. The findings establish the usefulness of the validated framework in balancing the diverse interests of all stakeholders in the adaptive reuse decision-making process. Hence, this paper provides a significant contribution to the development of a methodology that integrates adaptive reuse stakeholders’ diversified interests, for the selection of optimal case study building alternatives. The consensus of the multidisciplinary stakeholder group was found to be consistent and insensitive to reasonable changes in weighting. Also, the validated framework enabled the decision-makers to achieve a logical result, and support the visualisation of the impact of different priority aspects and criteria on adaptive reuse intervention.

ACS Style

Itohan Esther Aigwi; Temitope Egbelakin; Jason Ingham; Robyn Phipps; James Rotimi; Olga Filippova. A performance-based framework to prioritise underutilised historical buildings for adaptive reuse interventions in New Zealand. Sustainable Cities and Society 2019, 48, 101547 .

AMA Style

Itohan Esther Aigwi, Temitope Egbelakin, Jason Ingham, Robyn Phipps, James Rotimi, Olga Filippova. A performance-based framework to prioritise underutilised historical buildings for adaptive reuse interventions in New Zealand. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2019; 48 ():101547.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Itohan Esther Aigwi; Temitope Egbelakin; Jason Ingham; Robyn Phipps; James Rotimi; Olga Filippova. 2019. "A performance-based framework to prioritise underutilised historical buildings for adaptive reuse interventions in New Zealand." Sustainable Cities and Society 48, no. : 101547.

Journal article
Published: 18 September 2018 in Atmospheric Pollution Research
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Children are particularly vulnerable to the health effects of air pollution and as they spend a large proportion of time at school, this is an important environment for children's exposure to air pollution. Understanding the factors that influence indoor air quality in schools is critical for the assessment and control of indoor air pollution. This study analysed the concentration and sources of air pollution at an urban primary school (5–11 years) in Wellington, the capital of New Zealand. Over a three-week period during spring, indoor measures of particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were taken and hourly air particulate matter samples (PM2.5, PM10-2.5) were collected inside and outside for elemental speciation analysis. Indoor PM10 concentrations during the school day were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than outdoor concentrations 30.1 (range 10.0–75.0, SD 1.9) μg m−3 c.f. 8.9 (range <1.0–35.0, SD 6.8) μg m−3. Elemental analysis and receptor modelling of PM samples showed that indoor PM10 was primarily composed of crustal matter (soil) elements, possibly brought in on children's footwear. The primary driver of indoor PM2.5 was from the infiltration of outdoor pollutants inside, with by-products of motor vehicle emissions the main contributor to indoor PM2.5. There is a need for mitigation strategies to reduce exposure to indoor air pollution at school, such as improved cleaning methods, reducing the use of carpet in schools and improved ventilation. The findings from this study will be applicable to many other schools and public buildings with high foot traffic.

ACS Style

Julie Bennett; Perry Davy; Bill Trompetter; Yu Wang; Nevil Pierse; Mikael Boulic; Robyn Phipps; Philippa Howden-Chapman. Sources of indoor air pollution at a New Zealand urban primary school; a case study. Atmospheric Pollution Research 2018, 10, 435 -444.

AMA Style

Julie Bennett, Perry Davy, Bill Trompetter, Yu Wang, Nevil Pierse, Mikael Boulic, Robyn Phipps, Philippa Howden-Chapman. Sources of indoor air pollution at a New Zealand urban primary school; a case study. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2018; 10 (2):435-444.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julie Bennett; Perry Davy; Bill Trompetter; Yu Wang; Nevil Pierse; Mikael Boulic; Robyn Phipps; Philippa Howden-Chapman. 2018. "Sources of indoor air pollution at a New Zealand urban primary school; a case study." Atmospheric Pollution Research 10, no. 2: 435-444.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2018 in Journal of Building Engineering
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Health problems and respiratory diseases are associated with indoor air particulate matter (PM) mass. This is specially a concern in schools as children spend most of their time indoors. Understanding factors that affect PM mass such as occupant activities, ventilation and the infiltrating outdoor environment are important to safeguard occupant health. We investigated the air quality inside and outside two low decile primary school classrooms (children ages 7 to 9) over a three-week period during the southern hemisphere winter season in Palmerston North, New Zealand. Both classrooms were heated with wall mounted inverter heat pumps and in addition one classroom roof was fitted with a solar air heated ventilation unit (treatment). Particulate matter was continuously sampled and monitored to identify particles less than 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) both outside and inside both classrooms to compare their indoor air quality. Significantly higher PM10 concentrations occurred within both classrooms during school hours (0845–1500), but the ventilated treatment classroom had PM10 concentrations on average 66% lower than those measured in the unventilated control classroom. Elemental composition and source apportionment of hourly samples showed that outdoor sources of PM10 infiltrated indoors, with similar contributions in both classrooms to those measured outdoors. However, the increased PM10 in the classrooms was predominantly from crustal sources, thought to be soil tracked in from outside on children's footwear and re-suspended during activities within the classrooms. Our results indicate that ventilation plays an important role in the quality of indoor air of classrooms and will contribute to the wellbeing of the students. In addition, there is a need to improve dust exposure mitigation strategies (carpet cleaning regime, dust reducing carpet) in classrooms fitted with carpets.

ACS Style

W.J. Trompetter; M. Boulic; T. Ancelet; Juan C. Garcia-R; P.K. Davy; Y. Wang; Robyn Phipps. The effect of ventilation on air particulate matter in school classrooms. Journal of Building Engineering 2018, 18, 164 -171.

AMA Style

W.J. Trompetter, M. Boulic, T. Ancelet, Juan C. Garcia-R, P.K. Davy, Y. Wang, Robyn Phipps. The effect of ventilation on air particulate matter in school classrooms. Journal of Building Engineering. 2018; 18 ():164-171.

Chicago/Turabian Style

W.J. Trompetter; M. Boulic; T. Ancelet; Juan C. Garcia-R; P.K. Davy; Y. Wang; Robyn Phipps. 2018. "The effect of ventilation on air particulate matter in school classrooms." Journal of Building Engineering 18, no. : 164-171.

Journal article
Published: 03 April 2018 in Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction
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Purpose Existing research has highlighted the need for influential leaders to respond to the evolving social, economic and environmental constraints on the construction industry. Studies on leadership in other sectors have shown that influential leaders tend to demonstrate a high level of emotional intelligence. Little or no research examining relationships between leadership style and emotional intelligence has been conducted specific to construction project managers. This study aims to identify the prevalent leadership style adopted by construction project managers and investigate potential correlations between leadership style and emotional intelligence. Design/methodology/approach An online questionnaire including a mix of open and closed questions was adopted to address the research objectives. The group studied comprised project managers currently working in the construction industry in New Zealand and the UK. Findings The research found that transformational leadership style is prevalent among project managers examined in this study. Significant positive relationships were found between project managers’ emotional intelligence and their likelihood of adopting a transformational leadership style. Originality/value The research results provide the construction industry with a benchmark against which individuals with high emotional intelligence, and so most suited to the challenges of the project management role, can be identified and trained. Recommendations including suitable methods for identifying, recruiting and training project managers, as well as secondment and mentoring options, were suggested for improving leadership capabilities in the construction industry.

ACS Style

Emily M. Potter; Temitope Egbelakin; Robyn Phipps; Behrooz Balaei. Emotional intelligence and transformational leadership behaviours of construction project managers. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 2018, 23, 73 -89.

AMA Style

Emily M. Potter, Temitope Egbelakin, Robyn Phipps, Behrooz Balaei. Emotional intelligence and transformational leadership behaviours of construction project managers. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction. 2018; 23 (1):73-89.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily M. Potter; Temitope Egbelakin; Robyn Phipps; Behrooz Balaei. 2018. "Emotional intelligence and transformational leadership behaviours of construction project managers." Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 23, no. 1: 73-89.

Proceedings article
Published: 01 March 2018 in 2018 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)
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A low-cost, low power consumption indoor environment monitoring device, called SKOMOBO (SKOol Monitoring Box), was developed. SKOMOBO includes the sensors to monitor temperature/relative humidity, carbon dioxide, particulate matter (PM) and motion (PIR). SKOMOBO was developed using the open source software on Arduino Pro Mini. 165 units of SKOMOBO were manufactured at Massey University (New Zealand) in September 2017. These units were then deployed across New Zealand to monitor the indoor air quality in primary school classrooms. This paper describes the practical deployment issues we faced and lessons learnt prior/during the field study aimed at understanding the connection between the air quality and student performance. We believe that the discussion in this paper is of importance and could potentially save a lot of money and effort for other similar sensor products.

ACS Style

Yu Wang; Julian Jang-Jaccard; Mikael Boulic; Robyn Phipps; Chris Chitty; Ryan Weyers; Alfred Moses; Gustavo Olivares; Agate Ponder-Sutton; Chris Cunningham. Deployment issues for integrated open-source — Based indoor air quality school Monitoring Box (SKOMOBO). 2018 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS) 2018, 1 -4.

AMA Style

Yu Wang, Julian Jang-Jaccard, Mikael Boulic, Robyn Phipps, Chris Chitty, Ryan Weyers, Alfred Moses, Gustavo Olivares, Agate Ponder-Sutton, Chris Cunningham. Deployment issues for integrated open-source — Based indoor air quality school Monitoring Box (SKOMOBO). 2018 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS). 2018; ():1-4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu Wang; Julian Jang-Jaccard; Mikael Boulic; Robyn Phipps; Chris Chitty; Ryan Weyers; Alfred Moses; Gustavo Olivares; Agate Ponder-Sutton; Chris Cunningham. 2018. "Deployment issues for integrated open-source — Based indoor air quality school Monitoring Box (SKOMOBO)." 2018 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS) , no. : 1-4.

Proceedings article
Published: 01 December 2017 in 2017 4th Asia-Pacific World Congress on Computer Science and Engineering (APWC on CSE)
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Providing a good quality classroom environment where children can breathe in fresh air is important. However, investigating the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in large numbers of classrooms is often too costly because currently available commercial brands are too expensive for the majority of schools. We have been developing a low-cost Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) platform called SKOMOBO which can monitor important IAQ parameters such as classroom temperature, relative humidly, particular matter and carbon dioxide level. Because our platform is designed in-house and utilizes low-cost sensors, there is a significant cost reduction and is affordable. In this paper, we discuss the design and implementation of SKOMOBO with the focus in several hardware and software engineering issues to explore the right set of strategies for developing a practical system. Through extensive experiments and evaluation, we have determined the various characteristic and issues associated with developing a low-cost sensor platform and their practical implications and mitigations.

ACS Style

Ryan Weyers; Julian Jang-Jaccard; Alfred Moses; Yu Wang; Mikael Boulic; Chris Chitty; Robyn Phipps; Chris Cunningham. Low-cost Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Platform for Healthier Classrooms in New Zealand: Engineering Issues. 2017 4th Asia-Pacific World Congress on Computer Science and Engineering (APWC on CSE) 2017, 208 -215.

AMA Style

Ryan Weyers, Julian Jang-Jaccard, Alfred Moses, Yu Wang, Mikael Boulic, Chris Chitty, Robyn Phipps, Chris Cunningham. Low-cost Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Platform for Healthier Classrooms in New Zealand: Engineering Issues. 2017 4th Asia-Pacific World Congress on Computer Science and Engineering (APWC on CSE). 2017; ():208-215.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryan Weyers; Julian Jang-Jaccard; Alfred Moses; Yu Wang; Mikael Boulic; Chris Chitty; Robyn Phipps; Chris Cunningham. 2017. "Low-cost Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Platform for Healthier Classrooms in New Zealand: Engineering Issues." 2017 4th Asia-Pacific World Congress on Computer Science and Engineering (APWC on CSE) , no. : 208-215.

Proceedings article
Published: 01 December 2017 in 2017 4th Asia-Pacific World Congress on Computer Science and Engineering (APWC on CSE)
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A low-cost, low power consumption indoor environment monitoring instrument, called SKOMOBO (school monitoring box), was developed and tested. SKOMOBO includes sensors to monitor temperature/relative humidity, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), particulate matter and motions. SKOMOBO was developed using the open source hardware Arduino Pro Mini. This paper describes the process of building SKOMOBO, including sensor selection, printed circuit board design, sensor programming and performance evaluation. Two co-located tests have been undertaken; one in the controlled environment and one in the uncontrolled environment. Results show SKOMOBO measurements have high correlations with their commercial equivalents. In the two different testing environments, the R 2 of temperature measurements for all six SKOMOBOs were 1. The R 2 for relative humidity and CO 2 measurements were above 0.9. The result of this work shows the reliability of SKOMOBO on monitoring indoor air quality.

ACS Style

Yu Wang; Mikael Boulic; Robyn Phipps; Chris Chitty; Alfred Moses; Ryan Weyers; Julian Jang-Jaccard; Gustavo Olivares; Agate Ponder-Sutton; Chris Cunningham. Integrating Open-Source Technologies to Build a School Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Box (SKOMOBO). 2017 4th Asia-Pacific World Congress on Computer Science and Engineering (APWC on CSE) 2017, 216 -223.

AMA Style

Yu Wang, Mikael Boulic, Robyn Phipps, Chris Chitty, Alfred Moses, Ryan Weyers, Julian Jang-Jaccard, Gustavo Olivares, Agate Ponder-Sutton, Chris Cunningham. Integrating Open-Source Technologies to Build a School Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Box (SKOMOBO). 2017 4th Asia-Pacific World Congress on Computer Science and Engineering (APWC on CSE). 2017; ():216-223.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu Wang; Mikael Boulic; Robyn Phipps; Chris Chitty; Alfred Moses; Ryan Weyers; Julian Jang-Jaccard; Gustavo Olivares; Agate Ponder-Sutton; Chris Cunningham. 2017. "Integrating Open-Source Technologies to Build a School Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Box (SKOMOBO)." 2017 4th Asia-Pacific World Congress on Computer Science and Engineering (APWC on CSE) , no. : 216-223.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2017 in Building and Environment
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ACS Style

Agneta Ghose; Sarah McLaren; David Dowdell; Robyn Phipps. Environmental assessment of deep energy refurbishment for energy efficiency-case study of an office building in New Zealand. Building and Environment 2017, 117, 274 -287.

AMA Style

Agneta Ghose, Sarah McLaren, David Dowdell, Robyn Phipps. Environmental assessment of deep energy refurbishment for energy efficiency-case study of an office building in New Zealand. Building and Environment. 2017; 117 ():274-287.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agneta Ghose; Sarah McLaren; David Dowdell; Robyn Phipps. 2017. "Environmental assessment of deep energy refurbishment for energy efficiency-case study of an office building in New Zealand." Building and Environment 117, no. : 274-287.

Journal article
Published: 02 February 2015 in Buildings
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The relationship between the use of unflued gas heaters (UGH, N = 14) and heat pump heaters (HP, N = 12) located in the living rooms, and mould growth on the living room and bedroom walls, of 26 New Zealand (NZ) occupied homes was investigated during winter. Two methods were employed to evaluate the potential of mould growth on walls: (i) measurement of daily hyphal growth rate using a fungal detector (encapsulated fungal spores); and (ii) estimation of fungal contamination based on a four level scale visual inspection. The average wall psychrometric conditions were significantly different between the two heater type groups, in both the living rooms and the bedrooms with the UGH user homes being colder and damper than HP user homes. The UGHs were found to be a significant additional source of moisture in the living rooms which dramatically increased the capacity for fungi to grow on wall surfaces. The average daily hyphal growth rates were 4 and 16 times higher in the living rooms and in the bedrooms of the UGH user homes, respectively. Results from both mould detection methods gave good agreement, showing that the use of a fungal detector was an efficient method to predict the potential of mould growth on the inside of the external walls in NZ homes.

ACS Style

Mikael Boulic; Robyn Anne Phipps; Malcolm Cunningham; Donald John Cleland; Pär Fjällström; Keiko Abe; Philippa Howden-Chapman. Heater Choice, Dampness and Mould Growth in 26 New Zealand Homes: A Study of Propensity for Mould Growth Using Encapsulated Fungal Spores. Buildings 2015, 5, 149 -162.

AMA Style

Mikael Boulic, Robyn Anne Phipps, Malcolm Cunningham, Donald John Cleland, Pär Fjällström, Keiko Abe, Philippa Howden-Chapman. Heater Choice, Dampness and Mould Growth in 26 New Zealand Homes: A Study of Propensity for Mould Growth Using Encapsulated Fungal Spores. Buildings. 2015; 5 (1):149-162.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mikael Boulic; Robyn Anne Phipps; Malcolm Cunningham; Donald John Cleland; Pär Fjällström; Keiko Abe; Philippa Howden-Chapman. 2015. "Heater Choice, Dampness and Mould Growth in 26 New Zealand Homes: A Study of Propensity for Mould Growth Using Encapsulated Fungal Spores." Buildings 5, no. 1: 149-162.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 12 August 2013 in Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
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Introduction While many epidemiological studies have shown that low outdoor temperatures are associated with increased rates of hospitalisation and mortality (especially for respiratory or cardiovascular disease), very few studies have looked at the association between indoor temperatures and health. Such studies are clearly warranted, as people have greater exposure to the indoor environment than the outdoor environment. Objectives To examine the relationship between various metrics of indoor temperature and lung function in children with asthma. Our specific research questions were: (1) In which room of the home is temperature most strongly associated with lung function? (2) Which exposure metric best describes the relationship between indoor temperature and lung function? (3) Over what lag/time period does indoor air temperature affect lung function most strongly? Methods The Heating Housing and Health Study was a randomised controlled trial that investigated the effect of installing heaters in the homes of children with asthma. This study collected measurements of lung function (daily) and indoor temperature (hourly). Lung function and indoor temperature were measured for 309 children over 12 049 child-days. Statistical models were fitted to identify the best measures and metrics. Results The strongest association with lung function was found for the severity of exposure to low bedroom temperatures averaged over the preceding periods of 0–7 to 0–12 days. A 1°C increase in temperature was associated with an average increase of 0.010, 0.008, 10.06, 12.06, in our four measures of lung function (peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) morning, PEFR evening, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) morning and FEV1 evening). Conclusions Indoor temperatures have a small, but significant, association with short-term variations in the lung function of children with asthma.

ACS Style

Nevil Pierse; Richard Arnold; Michael Keall; Philippa Howden-Chapman; Julian Crane; Malcolm Cunningham; Robyn Phipps. Modelling the effects of low indoor temperatures on the lung function of children with asthma. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2013, 67, 918 -925.

AMA Style

Nevil Pierse, Richard Arnold, Michael Keall, Philippa Howden-Chapman, Julian Crane, Malcolm Cunningham, Robyn Phipps. Modelling the effects of low indoor temperatures on the lung function of children with asthma. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2013; 67 (11):918-925.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nevil Pierse; Richard Arnold; Michael Keall; Philippa Howden-Chapman; Julian Crane; Malcolm Cunningham; Robyn Phipps. 2013. "Modelling the effects of low indoor temperatures on the lung function of children with asthma." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 67, no. 11: 918-925.

Journal article
Published: 25 April 2013 in Journal of Facilities Management
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Myzatul Aishah Kamarazaly; Jasper Mbachu; Robyn Phipps. Challenges faced by facilities managers in the Australasian universities. Journal of Facilities Management 2013, 11, 136 -151.

AMA Style

Myzatul Aishah Kamarazaly, Jasper Mbachu, Robyn Phipps. Challenges faced by facilities managers in the Australasian universities. Journal of Facilities Management. 2013; 11 (2):136-151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Myzatul Aishah Kamarazaly; Jasper Mbachu; Robyn Phipps. 2013. "Challenges faced by facilities managers in the Australasian universities." Journal of Facilities Management 11, no. 2: 136-151.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2013 in International Journal of Project Organisation and Management
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Marcel Frei; Jasper Mbachu; Robyn Phipps. Critical success factors, opportunities and threats of the cost management profession: the case of Australasian quantity surveying firms. International Journal of Project Organisation and Management 2013, 5, 4 .

AMA Style

Marcel Frei, Jasper Mbachu, Robyn Phipps. Critical success factors, opportunities and threats of the cost management profession: the case of Australasian quantity surveying firms. International Journal of Project Organisation and Management. 2013; 5 (1):4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcel Frei; Jasper Mbachu; Robyn Phipps. 2013. "Critical success factors, opportunities and threats of the cost management profession: the case of Australasian quantity surveying firms." International Journal of Project Organisation and Management 5, no. 1: 4.

Multicenter study
Published: 23 September 2008 in BMJ
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Objective To assess whether non-polluting, more effective home heating (heat pump, wood pellet burner, flued gas) has a positive effect on the health of children with asthma.Design Randomised controlled trial.Setting Households in five communities in New Zealand.Participants 409 children aged 6-12 years with doctor diagnosed asthma.Interventions Installation of a non-polluting, more effective home heater before winter. The control group received a replacement heater at the end of the trial.Main outcome measures The primary outcome was change in lung function (peak expiratory flow rate and forced expiratory volume in one second, FEV1). Secondary outcomes were child reported respiratory tract symptoms and daily use of preventer and reliever drugs. At the end of winter 2005 (baseline) and winter 2006 (follow-up) parents reported their child’s general health, use of health services, overall respiratory health, and housing conditions. Nitrogen dioxide levels were measured monthly for four months and temperatures in the living room and child’s bedroom were recorded hourly.Results Improvements in lung function were not significant (difference in mean FEV1 130.7 ml, 95% confidence interval −20.3 to 281.7). Compared with children in the control group, however, children in the intervention group had 1.80 fewer days off school (95% confidence interval 0.11 to 3.13), 0.40 fewer visits to a doctor for asthma (0.11 to 0.62), and 0.25 fewer visits to a pharmacist for asthma (0.09 to 0.32). Children in the intervention group also had fewer reports of poor health (adjusted odds ratio 0.48, 95% confidence interval 0.31 to 0.74), less sleep disturbed by wheezing (0.55, 0.35 to 0.85), less dry cough at night (0.52, 0.32 to 0.83), and reduced scores for lower respiratory tract symptoms (0.77, 0.73 to 0.81) than children in the control group. The intervention was associated with a mean temperature rise in the living room of 1.10°C (95% confidence interval 0.54°C to 1.64°C) and in the child’s bedroom of 0.57°C (0.05°C to 1.08°C). Lower levels of nitrogen dioxide were measured in the living rooms of the intervention households than in those of the control households (geometric mean 8.5 μg/m3 v 15.7 μg/m3, P<0.001). A similar effect was found in the children’s bedrooms (7.3 μg/m3 v 10.9 μg/m3, P<0.001).Conclusion Installing non-polluting, more effective heating in the homes of children with asthma did not significantly improve lung function but did significantly reduce symptoms of asthma, days off school, healthcare utilisation, and visits to a pharmacist.Trial registration Clinical Trials NCT00489762.

ACS Style

Philippa Howden-Chapman; Nevil Pierse; Sarah Nicholls; Julie Gillespie-Bennett; Helen Viggers; Malcolm Cunningham; Robyn Phipps; Mikael Boulic; Pär Fjällström; Sarah Free; Ralph Chapman; Bob Lloyd; Kristin Wickens; David Shields; Michael Baker; Chris Cunningham; Alistair Woodward; Christopher Bullen; Julian Crane. Effects of improved home heating on asthma in community dwelling children: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2008, 337, a1411 -a1411.

AMA Style

Philippa Howden-Chapman, Nevil Pierse, Sarah Nicholls, Julie Gillespie-Bennett, Helen Viggers, Malcolm Cunningham, Robyn Phipps, Mikael Boulic, Pär Fjällström, Sarah Free, Ralph Chapman, Bob Lloyd, Kristin Wickens, David Shields, Michael Baker, Chris Cunningham, Alistair Woodward, Christopher Bullen, Julian Crane. Effects of improved home heating on asthma in community dwelling children: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2008; 337 (ep23 1):a1411-a1411.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Philippa Howden-Chapman; Nevil Pierse; Sarah Nicholls; Julie Gillespie-Bennett; Helen Viggers; Malcolm Cunningham; Robyn Phipps; Mikael Boulic; Pär Fjällström; Sarah Free; Ralph Chapman; Bob Lloyd; Kristin Wickens; David Shields; Michael Baker; Chris Cunningham; Alistair Woodward; Christopher Bullen; Julian Crane. 2008. "Effects of improved home heating on asthma in community dwelling children: randomised controlled trial." BMJ 337, no. ep23 1: a1411-a1411.