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Prof. Reiner Ulrich
Leipzig University, Germany

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0 Histopathology
0 Laboratory Animal Medicine
0 Transcriptomics
0 Veterinary Pathology
0 Experimental Pathology

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Brief report
Published: 17 June 2021 in Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious aphthoviral infection of cloven-hoofed animals, inducing vesiculopustular stomatitis, pododermatitis, and thelitis. Vesicular fluid represents a major pathway of virus excretion, but bovine milk is another important source of virus shedding. We describe here the time course of FMD virus (FMDV) excretion in the milk and characterize associated lesions in the mammary gland. Three dairy cows were infected by nasopharyngeal instillation of FMDV and monitored over 12 d. Autopsy was performed at the end of the study, and specimens were collected for histopathology, IHC, and RT-qPCR. All 3 cows developed fever, drooling, vesiculopustular stomatitis, interdigital dermatitis, and thelitis. FMDV RNA was detectable in whole milk until the end of the trial, but only transiently in saliva, nasal secretions, and blood serum. Although histology confirmed vesiculopustular lesions in the oral and epidermal specimens, the mammary glands did not have unequivocal evidence of FMDV-induced inflammation. FMDV antigen was detectable in skin and oral mucosa, but not in the mammary gland, and FMDV RNA was detectable in 9 of 29 samples of squamous epithelia but only in 1 of 12 samples of mammary gland.

ACS Style

Marcel Suchowski; Michael Eschbaumer; Jens P. Teifke; Reiner Ulrich. After nasopharyngeal infection, foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A RNA is shed in bovine milk without associated mastitis. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 2021, 33, 997 -1001.

AMA Style

Marcel Suchowski, Michael Eschbaumer, Jens P. Teifke, Reiner Ulrich. After nasopharyngeal infection, foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A RNA is shed in bovine milk without associated mastitis. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2021; 33 (5):997-1001.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcel Suchowski; Michael Eschbaumer; Jens P. Teifke; Reiner Ulrich. 2021. "After nasopharyngeal infection, foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A RNA is shed in bovine milk without associated mastitis." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 33, no. 5: 997-1001.

Journal article
Published: 09 May 2021 in Viruses
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The main findings of the post-mortem examination of poultry infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) include necrotizing inflammation and viral antigen in multiple organs. The lesion profile displays marked variability, depending on viral subtype, strain, and host species. Therefore, in this study, a semiquantitative scoring system was developed to compare histopathological findings across a wide range of study conditions. Briefly, the severity of necrotizing lesions in brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, and/or lymphocytic depletion in the spleen is scored on an ordinal four-step scale (0 = unchanged, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe), and the distribution of the viral antigen in parenchymal and endothelial cells is evaluated on a four-step scale (0 = none, 1 = focal, 2 = multifocal, 3 = diffuse). These scores are used for a meta-analysis of experimental infections with H7N7 and H5N8 (clade 2.3.4.4b) HPAIV in chickens, turkeys, and ducks. The meta-analysis highlights the rather unique endotheliotropism of these HPAIV in chickens and a more severe necrotizing encephalitis in H7N7-HPAIV-infected turkeys. In conclusion, the proposed scoring system can be used to condensate HPAIV-typical pathohistological findings into semiquantitative data, thus enabling systematic phenotyping of virus strains and their tissue tropism.

ACS Style

Maria Landmann; David Scheibner; Annika Graaf; Marcel Gischke; Susanne Koethe; Olanrewaju Fatola; Barbara Raddatz; Thomas Mettenleiter; Martin Beer; Christian Grund; Timm Harder; Elsayed Abdelwhab; Reiner Ulrich. A Semiquantitative Scoring System for Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Assessment of Lesions and Tissue Tropism in Avian Influenza. Viruses 2021, 13, 868 .

AMA Style

Maria Landmann, David Scheibner, Annika Graaf, Marcel Gischke, Susanne Koethe, Olanrewaju Fatola, Barbara Raddatz, Thomas Mettenleiter, Martin Beer, Christian Grund, Timm Harder, Elsayed Abdelwhab, Reiner Ulrich. A Semiquantitative Scoring System for Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Assessment of Lesions and Tissue Tropism in Avian Influenza. Viruses. 2021; 13 (5):868.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Landmann; David Scheibner; Annika Graaf; Marcel Gischke; Susanne Koethe; Olanrewaju Fatola; Barbara Raddatz; Thomas Mettenleiter; Martin Beer; Christian Grund; Timm Harder; Elsayed Abdelwhab; Reiner Ulrich. 2021. "A Semiquantitative Scoring System for Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Assessment of Lesions and Tissue Tropism in Avian Influenza." Viruses 13, no. 5: 868.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2021 in Journal of General Virology
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While the presence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infectivity in the blood of clinically affected sheep has been proven by intraspecies blood-transfusion experiments, this question has remained open in the case of BSE-affected cattle. Although the absence of infectivity can be anticipated from the restriction of the agent to neuronal tissues in this species, evidence for this was still lacking. This particularly concerns the production and use of medicinal products and other applications containing bovine blood or preparations thereof. We therefore performed a blood-transfusion experiment from cattle in the clinical end stage of disease after experimental challenge with either classical (C-BSE) or atypical (H- and l-) BSE into calves at 4–6 months of age. The animals were kept in a free-ranging group for 10 years. Starting from 24 months post-transfusion, a thorough clinical examination was performed every 6 weeks in order to detect early symptoms of a BSE infection. Throughout the experiment, the clinical picture of all animals gave no indication of a BSE infection. Upon necropsy, the brainstem samples were analysed by BSE rapid test as well as by the highly sensitive Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA), all with negative results. These results add resilient data to confirm the absence of BSE infectivity in the donor blood collected from C-, H- and l-BSE-affected cattle even in the final clinical phase of the disease. This finding has important implications for the risk assessment of bovine blood and blood products in the production of medicinal products and other preparations.

ACS Style

Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Ute Ziegler; Grit Priemer; Kerstin Tauscher; Frauke Köster; Ivett Ackermann; Olanrewaju I. Fatola; Daniel Balkema; Jan Schinköthe; Bärbel Hammerschmidt; Christine Fast; Reiner Ulrich; Martin H. Groschup. Absence of classical and atypical (H- and L-) BSE infectivity in the blood of bovines in the clinical end stage of disease as confirmed by intraspecies blood transfusion. Journal of General Virology 2021, 102, 001460 .

AMA Style

Anne Balkema-Buschmann, Ute Ziegler, Grit Priemer, Kerstin Tauscher, Frauke Köster, Ivett Ackermann, Olanrewaju I. Fatola, Daniel Balkema, Jan Schinköthe, Bärbel Hammerschmidt, Christine Fast, Reiner Ulrich, Martin H. Groschup. Absence of classical and atypical (H- and L-) BSE infectivity in the blood of bovines in the clinical end stage of disease as confirmed by intraspecies blood transfusion. Journal of General Virology. 2021; 102 (1):001460.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Ute Ziegler; Grit Priemer; Kerstin Tauscher; Frauke Köster; Ivett Ackermann; Olanrewaju I. Fatola; Daniel Balkema; Jan Schinköthe; Bärbel Hammerschmidt; Christine Fast; Reiner Ulrich; Martin H. Groschup. 2021. "Absence of classical and atypical (H- and L-) BSE infectivity in the blood of bovines in the clinical end stage of disease as confirmed by intraspecies blood transfusion." Journal of General Virology 102, no. 1: 001460.

Journal article
Published: 23 October 2020 in Viruses
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Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne zoonotic pathogen, which is endemic in Africa, causing large epidemics, characterized by severe diseases in ruminants but also in humans. As in vitro and field investigations proposed amphibians and reptiles to potentially play a role in the enzootic amplification of the virus, we experimentally infected African common toads and common agamas with two RVFV strains. Lymph or sera, as well as oral, cutaneous and anal swabs were collected from the challenged animals to investigate seroconversion, viremia and virus shedding. Furthermore, groups of animals were euthanized 3, 10 and 21 days post-infection (dpi) to examine viral loads in different tissues during the infection. Our data show for the first time that toads are refractory to RVFV infection, showing neither seroconversion, viremia, shedding nor tissue manifestation. In contrast, all agamas challenged with the RVFV strain ZH501 carried virus genomes in the spleens at 3 dpi, but the animals displayed neither viremia nor virus shedding. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that amphibians are not susceptible and reptiles are only susceptible to a low extent to RVFV, indicating that both species play, if at all, rather a subordinate role in the RVF virus ecology.

ACS Style

Melanie Rissmann; Nils Kley; Reiner Ulrich; Franziska Stoek; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Martin Eiden; Martin H. Groschup. Competency of Amphibians and Reptiles and Their Potential Role as Reservoir Hosts for Rift Valley Fever Virus. Viruses 2020, 12, 1206 .

AMA Style

Melanie Rissmann, Nils Kley, Reiner Ulrich, Franziska Stoek, Anne Balkema-Buschmann, Martin Eiden, Martin H. Groschup. Competency of Amphibians and Reptiles and Their Potential Role as Reservoir Hosts for Rift Valley Fever Virus. Viruses. 2020; 12 (11):1206.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Melanie Rissmann; Nils Kley; Reiner Ulrich; Franziska Stoek; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Martin Eiden; Martin H. Groschup. 2020. "Competency of Amphibians and Reptiles and Their Potential Role as Reservoir Hosts for Rift Valley Fever Virus." Viruses 12, no. 11: 1206.

Review article
Published: 24 June 2020 in Poultry Science
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The current article served to provide the most up to date information regarding the causes of keel bone fracture. While elevated and sustained egg production is likely a major contributing factor towards fractures, new information resulting from the development of novel methodologies suggest complimentary causes which should be investigated. We identified four broad areas (Age to first egg, Late ossification, Underlying disease states, Inactivity leading to reduced bone strength) that could explain variation and increased fractures independent or complimenting elevated and sustained egg production including: the age to first egg, late ossification of the keel, predisposing bone disease, and inactivity leading to poor bone health. We also specified several topics that future research should target including: continued efforts to link egg production and bone health, examination of non-commercial aves and traditional breeds, manipulating of age at first egg, a detail histological and structural analysis of the keel, assessment of pre-fracture bone condition, and the relationship between individual activity patterns and bone health.

ACS Style

Michael J. Toscano; Ian C. Dunn; Jens-Peter Christensen; Stefanie Petow; Kathe Kittelsen; Reiner Ulrich. Explanations for keel bone fractures in laying hens: are there explanations in addition to elevated egg production? Poultry Science 2020, 99, 4183 -4194.

AMA Style

Michael J. Toscano, Ian C. Dunn, Jens-Peter Christensen, Stefanie Petow, Kathe Kittelsen, Reiner Ulrich. Explanations for keel bone fractures in laying hens: are there explanations in addition to elevated egg production? Poultry Science. 2020; 99 (9):4183-4194.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael J. Toscano; Ian C. Dunn; Jens-Peter Christensen; Stefanie Petow; Kathe Kittelsen; Reiner Ulrich. 2020. "Explanations for keel bone fractures in laying hens: are there explanations in addition to elevated egg production?" Poultry Science 99, no. 9: 4183-4194.

Journal article
Published: 28 March 2020 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are naturally restricted to H5 and H7 subtypes with a polybasic cleavage site (CS) in hemagglutinin (HA) and any AIV with an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) ≥ 1.2. Although only a few non-H5/H7 viruses fulfill the criteria of HPAIV; it remains unclear why these viruses did not spread in domestic birds. In 2012, a unique H4N2 virus with a polybasic CS 322PEKRRTR/G329 was isolated from quails in California which, however, was avirulent in chickens. This is the only known non-H5/H7 virus with four basic amino acids in the HACS. Here, we investigated the virulence of this virus in chickens after expansion of the polybasic CS by substitution of T327R (322PEKRRRR/G329) or T327K (322PEKRRKR/G329) with or without reassortment with HPAIV H5N1 and H7N7. The impact of single mutations or reassortment on virus fitness in vitro and in vivo was studied. Efficient cell culture replication of T327R/K carrying H4N2 viruses increased by treatment with trypsin, particularly in MDCK cells, and reassortment with HPAIV H5N1. Replication, virus excretion and bird-to-bird transmission of H4N2 was remarkably compromised by the CS mutations, but restored after reassortment with HPAIV H5N1, although not with HPAIV H7N7. Viruses carrying the H4-HA with or without R327 or K327 mutations and the other seven gene segments from HPAIV H5N1 exhibited high virulence and efficient transmission in chickens. Together, increasing the number of basic amino acids in the H4N2 HACS was detrimental for viral fitness particularly in vivo but compensated by reassortment with HPAIV H5N1. This may explain the absence of non-H5/H7 HPAIV in poultry.

ACS Style

Marcel Gischke; Reiner Ulrich; Olanrewaju I. Fatola; David Scheibner; Ahmed H. Salaheldin; Beate Crossley; Eva Böttcher-Friebertshäuser; Jutta Veits; Thomas C. Mettenleiter; Elsayed M. Abdelwhab. Insertion of Basic Amino Acids in the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site of H4N2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV)—Reduced Virus Fitness in Chickens is Restored by Reassortment with Highly Pathogenic H5N1 AIV. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020, 21, 2353 .

AMA Style

Marcel Gischke, Reiner Ulrich, Olanrewaju I. Fatola, David Scheibner, Ahmed H. Salaheldin, Beate Crossley, Eva Böttcher-Friebertshäuser, Jutta Veits, Thomas C. Mettenleiter, Elsayed M. Abdelwhab. Insertion of Basic Amino Acids in the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site of H4N2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV)—Reduced Virus Fitness in Chickens is Restored by Reassortment with Highly Pathogenic H5N1 AIV. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21 (7):2353.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcel Gischke; Reiner Ulrich; Olanrewaju I. Fatola; David Scheibner; Ahmed H. Salaheldin; Beate Crossley; Eva Böttcher-Friebertshäuser; Jutta Veits; Thomas C. Mettenleiter; Elsayed M. Abdelwhab. 2020. "Insertion of Basic Amino Acids in the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site of H4N2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV)—Reduced Virus Fitness in Chickens is Restored by Reassortment with Highly Pathogenic H5N1 AIV." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7: 2353.

Preprint
Published: 26 February 2020
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Highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are naturally restricted to H5 and H7 subtypes with a polybasic cleavage site (CS) in the hemagglutinin (HA) and any AIV with an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) ≥1.2. Only few non-H5/H7 viruses fulfill the criteria of HPAIVs; nevertheless, it remains unknown why these viruses did not spread in domestic birds. In 2012, a unique H4N2 virus with a polybasic CS 322PEKRRTR/G329 was isolated from quails in California which, however, was avirulent in chickens. This is the only known non-H5/H7 virus with four basic amino acids in the HACS. Here, we investigated the virulence of this virus in chickens after expansion of the polybasic CS by substitution of T327R (322PEKRRRR/G329) or T327K (322PEKRRKR/G329) with or without reassortment with HPAIVs H5N1 and H7N7. The impact of single mutations or reassortment on virus fitness in vitro and in vivo was studied. Efficient cell culture replication of T327R/K carrying H4N2 viruses increased by trypsin, particularly in MDCK cells, and reassortment with HPAIV H5N1. Likewise, replication, virus excretion and bird-to-bird transmission of H4N2 was remarkably compromised by the CS mutations, but restored after reassortment with HPAIV H5N1, although not with HPAIV H7N7. Viruses carrying the H4-HA with or without R327 or K327 mutations and the other gene segments from HPAIV H5N1 exhibited high virulence and efficient transmission in chickens. Together, increasing the number of basic amino acids in the H4N2 HACS was detrimental for viral fitness particularly in vivo but compensated by reassortment with HPAIV H5N1. This may explain the absence of non-H5/H7 HPAIVs in poultry.

ACS Style

Marcel Gischke; Reiner Ulrich; Olanrewaju I. Fatola; David Scheibner; Ahmed H. Salaheldin; Beate Crossley; Eva Böttcher-Friebertshäuser; Jutta Veits; Thomas Mettenleiter; El-Sayed Abdelwhab. Insertion of Basic Amino Acids in the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site of H4N2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) Reduced Virus Fitness in Chickens which is Restored by Reassortment with Highly Pathogenic H5N1 AIV. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Marcel Gischke, Reiner Ulrich, Olanrewaju I. Fatola, David Scheibner, Ahmed H. Salaheldin, Beate Crossley, Eva Böttcher-Friebertshäuser, Jutta Veits, Thomas Mettenleiter, El-Sayed Abdelwhab. Insertion of Basic Amino Acids in the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site of H4N2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) Reduced Virus Fitness in Chickens which is Restored by Reassortment with Highly Pathogenic H5N1 AIV. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcel Gischke; Reiner Ulrich; Olanrewaju I. Fatola; David Scheibner; Ahmed H. Salaheldin; Beate Crossley; Eva Böttcher-Friebertshäuser; Jutta Veits; Thomas Mettenleiter; El-Sayed Abdelwhab. 2020. "Insertion of Basic Amino Acids in the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site of H4N2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) Reduced Virus Fitness in Chickens which is Restored by Reassortment with Highly Pathogenic H5N1 AIV." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2020 in Viruses
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In 2012 and 2013, the genomic sequences of two novel influenza A virus (IAV) subtypes, designated H17N10 and H18N11, were identified via next-generation sequencing in the feces of the little yellow-shouldered fruit bat (Sturnira lilium) and the flat-faced fruit-eating bat (Artibeus planirostris), respectively. The pathogenesis caused by these viruses in their respective host species is currently insufficiently understood, which is primarily due to the inability to obtain and keep these bat species under appropriate environmental and biosafety conditions. Seba’s short-tailed bats (Carollia perspicillata), in contrast, are close relatives and a natural H18N11 reservoir species, with the advantage of established animal husbandry conditions in academic research. To study viral pathogenesis in more detail, we here oro-nasally inoculated Seba’s short-tailed bats with the bat IAV H18N11 subtype. Following inoculation, bats appeared clinically healthy, but the histologic examination of tissues revealed a mild necrotizing rhinitis. Consistently, IAV-matrix protein and H18-RNA positive cells were seen in lesioned respiratory and olfactory nasal epithelia, as well as in intestinal tissues. A RT-qPCR analysis confirmed viral replication in the conchae and intestines as well as the presence of viral RNA in the excreted feces, without horizontal transmission to naïve contact animals. Moreover, all inoculated animals seroconverted with low titers of neutralizing antibodies.

ACS Style

Marco Gorka; Jan Schinköthe; Reiner Ulrich; Kevin Ciminski; Martin Schwemmle; Martin Beer; Donata Hoffmann. Characterization of Experimental Oro-Nasal Inoculation of Seba’s Short-Tailed Bats (Carollia perspicillata) with Bat Influenza A Virus H18N11. Viruses 2020, 12, 232 .

AMA Style

Marco Gorka, Jan Schinköthe, Reiner Ulrich, Kevin Ciminski, Martin Schwemmle, Martin Beer, Donata Hoffmann. Characterization of Experimental Oro-Nasal Inoculation of Seba’s Short-Tailed Bats (Carollia perspicillata) with Bat Influenza A Virus H18N11. Viruses. 2020; 12 (2):232.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Gorka; Jan Schinköthe; Reiner Ulrich; Kevin Ciminski; Martin Schwemmle; Martin Beer; Donata Hoffmann. 2020. "Characterization of Experimental Oro-Nasal Inoculation of Seba’s Short-Tailed Bats (Carollia perspicillata) with Bat Influenza A Virus H18N11." Viruses 12, no. 2: 232.

Case report
Published: 01 January 2020 in International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine
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We report a possible spontaneous case of oxalate nephrosis in an African fruit bat (Epomops franqueti), incidentally observed in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria, in an anatomical and serological survey of the species. Wild caught bats underwent sedation, intracardial perfusion, necropsy and histopathology. All 15 wild-caught African fruit bats were apparently healthy. However, light microscopy revealed mild oligofocal tubulonephrosis with intraluminal deposition of polarizing crystals interpreted as subclinical oxalate nephrosis in one case. In summary, we suggest a dietary aetiology, based on seasonal availability of high ascorbic acid or oxalate containing fruits. However, exposure to anthropogenic contaminants cannot be completely ruled out.

ACS Style

O. O. Aina; M. A. Olude; F. E. Olopade; A. Balkema-Buschmann; M. H. Groschup; R. Ulrich; J. O. Olopade. A possible case of renal oxalate deposit reported in an African fruit bat (Epomops franqueti). International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine 2020, 8, 56 -58.

AMA Style

O. O. Aina, M. A. Olude, F. E. Olopade, A. Balkema-Buschmann, M. H. Groschup, R. Ulrich, J. O. Olopade. A possible case of renal oxalate deposit reported in an African fruit bat (Epomops franqueti). International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine. 2020; 8 (1):56-58.

Chicago/Turabian Style

O. O. Aina; M. A. Olude; F. E. Olopade; A. Balkema-Buschmann; M. H. Groschup; R. Ulrich; J. O. Olopade. 2020. "A possible case of renal oxalate deposit reported in an African fruit bat (Epomops franqueti)." International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine 8, no. 1: 56-58.

Articles
Published: 01 January 2020 in Emerging Microbes & Infections
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In 2016/2017, a severe epidemic of HPAIV H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 group B (H5N8B) affected Europe. To analyse the role of mallards in the spatiotemporal dynamics of global HPAIV H5N8B dispersal, mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), naturally exposed to various AIV and therefore seropositive, were challenged with H5N8B. All experiments were controlled by infection and co-housing of seronegative juvenile Pekin ducklings. All ducks that survived the first infection were re-challenged 21 dpi with the homologous H5N8B strain. After the first H5N8B infection, seropositive mallards showed only mild clinical symptoms. Moderate to low viral shedding, occurring particularly from the oropharynx and lasting for 7 days maximum, led to severe clinical disease of all contact ducklings. All challenged seronegative Pekin ducks and contact ducklings died or had to be euthanized. H5-specific antibodies were detected in surviving birds within 2 weeks. Virus and viral RNA could be isolated from several water samples until 6 and 9 dpi, respectively. Conversely, upon re-infection with homologous H5N8B neither inoculated nor contact ducklings showed any clinical symptoms, nor was an antibody titer increase of seropositive mallards or any seroconversion of contact ducklings observed. Mallard ducks naturally pre-exposed to LPAIV can play a role as a clinically unsuspicious virus reservoir for H5N8B effective in virus transmission. Mallards with homologous immunity did not contribute to virus transmission.

ACS Style

Susanne Koethe; Lorenz Ulrich; Reiner Ulrich; Susanne Amler; Annika Graaf; Timm C. Harder; Christian Grund; Thomas C. Mettenleiter; Franz J. Conraths; Martin Beer; Anja Globig. Modulation of lethal HPAIV H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4B infection in AIV pre-exposed mallards. Emerging Microbes & Infections 2020, 9, 180 -193.

AMA Style

Susanne Koethe, Lorenz Ulrich, Reiner Ulrich, Susanne Amler, Annika Graaf, Timm C. Harder, Christian Grund, Thomas C. Mettenleiter, Franz J. Conraths, Martin Beer, Anja Globig. Modulation of lethal HPAIV H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4B infection in AIV pre-exposed mallards. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2020; 9 (1):180-193.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Susanne Koethe; Lorenz Ulrich; Reiner Ulrich; Susanne Amler; Annika Graaf; Timm C. Harder; Christian Grund; Thomas C. Mettenleiter; Franz J. Conraths; Martin Beer; Anja Globig. 2020. "Modulation of lethal HPAIV H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4B infection in AIV pre-exposed mallards." Emerging Microbes & Infections 9, no. 1: 180-193.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2019 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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(1) Background: Canine distemper virus (CDV)-induced demyelinating leukoencephalitis (CDV-DL) in dogs and Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis (TME) virus (TMEV)-induced demyelinating leukomyelitis (TMEV-DL) are virus-induced demyelinating conditions mimicking Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can induce the degradation of lipids and nucleic acids to characteristic metabolites such as oxidized lipids, malondialdehyde, and 8-hydroxyguanosine. The hypothesis of this study is that ROS are key effector molecules in the pathogenesis of myelin membrane breakdown in CDV-DL and TMEV-DL. (2) Methods: ROS metabolites and antioxidative enzymes were assessed using immunofluorescence in cerebellar lesions of naturally CDV-infected dogs and spinal cord tissue of TMEV-infected mice. The transcription of selected genes involved in ROS generation and detoxification was analyzed using gene-expression microarrays in CDV-DL and TMEV-DL. (3) Results: Immunofluorescence revealed increased amounts of oxidized lipids, malondialdehyde, and 8-hydroxyguanosine in CDV-DL while TMEV-infected mice did not reveal marked changes. In contrast, microarray-analysis showed an upregulated gene expression associated with ROS generation in both diseases. (4) Conclusion: In summary, the present study demonstrates a similar upregulation of gene-expression of ROS generation in CDV-DL and TMEV-DL. However, immunofluorescence revealed increased accumulation of ROS metabolites exclusively in CDV-DL. These results suggest differences in the pathogenesis of demyelination in these two animal models.

ACS Style

Friederike Attig; Ingo Spitzbarth; Arno Kalkuhl; Ulrich Deschl; Christina Puff; Wolfgang Baumgärtner; Reiner Ulrich. Reactive Oxygen Species Are Key Mediators of Demyelination in Canine Distemper Leukoencephalitis but not in Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2019, 20, 3217 .

AMA Style

Friederike Attig, Ingo Spitzbarth, Arno Kalkuhl, Ulrich Deschl, Christina Puff, Wolfgang Baumgärtner, Reiner Ulrich. Reactive Oxygen Species Are Key Mediators of Demyelination in Canine Distemper Leukoencephalitis but not in Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20 (13):3217.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Friederike Attig; Ingo Spitzbarth; Arno Kalkuhl; Ulrich Deschl; Christina Puff; Wolfgang Baumgärtner; Reiner Ulrich. 2019. "Reactive Oxygen Species Are Key Mediators of Demyelination in Canine Distemper Leukoencephalitis but not in Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 13: 3217.

Journal article
Published: 05 February 2019 in Veterinary Pathology
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ACS Style

Reiner Ulrich. Rift Valley Fever: An Ancient Plague on Its Way Out of Africa? Veterinary Pathology 2019, 56, 178 -179.

AMA Style

Reiner Ulrich. Rift Valley Fever: An Ancient Plague on Its Way Out of Africa? Veterinary Pathology. 2019; 56 (2):178-179.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Reiner Ulrich. 2019. "Rift Valley Fever: An Ancient Plague on Its Way Out of Africa?" Veterinary Pathology 56, no. 2: 178-179.

Research paper
Published: 01 January 2019 in Prion
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After the discovery of two atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) forms in France and Italy designated H- and L-BSE, the question arose whether these new forms differed from classical BSE (C-BSE) in their pathogenesis. Samples collected from cattle in the clinical stage of BSE during an intracranial challenge study with L- and H-BSE were analysed using biochemical and histological methods as well as in a transgenic mouse bioassay. Our results generally confirmed what had been described for C-BSE to be true also for both atypical BSE forms, namely the restriction of the pathological prion protein (PrPSc) and BSE infectivity to the nervous system. However, analysis of samples collected under identical conditions from both atypical H- and L-BSE forms allowed us a more precise assessment of the grade of involvement of different tissues during the clinical end stage of disease as compared to C-BSE. One important feature is the involvement of the peripheral nervous and musculoskeletal tissues in both L-BSE and H-BSE affected cattle. We were, however, able to show that in H-BSE cases, the PrPSc depositions in the central and peripheral nervous system are dominated by a glial pattern, whereas a neuronal deposition pattern dominates in L-BSE cases, indicating differences in the cellular and topical tropism of both atypical BSE forms. As a consequence of this cell tropism, H-BSE seems to spread more rapidly from the CNS into the periphery via the glial cell system such as Schwann cells, as opposed to L-BSE which is mostly propagated via neuronal cells.

ACS Style

Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Grit Priemer; Reiner Ulrich; Romano Strobelt; Bob Hills; Martin H. Groschup. Deciphering the BSE-type specific cell and tissue tropisms of atypical (H and L) and classical BSE. Prion 2019, 13, 160 -172.

AMA Style

Anne Balkema-Buschmann, Grit Priemer, Reiner Ulrich, Romano Strobelt, Bob Hills, Martin H. Groschup. Deciphering the BSE-type specific cell and tissue tropisms of atypical (H and L) and classical BSE. Prion. 2019; 13 (1):160-172.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Grit Priemer; Reiner Ulrich; Romano Strobelt; Bob Hills; Martin H. Groschup. 2019. "Deciphering the BSE-type specific cell and tissue tropisms of atypical (H and L) and classical BSE." Prion 13, no. 1: 160-172.