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In March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.
Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Bernard R. Agwanda; Rim Al Kubrusli; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Christopher F. Basler; Sina Bavari; Martin Beer; Nicolas Bejerman; Andrew J. Bennett; Dennis A. Bente; Éric Bergeron; Brian H. Bird; Carol D. Blair; Kim R. Blasdell; Dag-Ragnar Blystad; Jamie Bojko; Wayne B. Borth; Steven Bradfute; Rachel Breyta; Thomas Briese; Paul A. Brown; Judith K. Brown; Ursula J. Buchholz; Michael J. Buchmeier; Alexander Bukreyev; Felicity Burt; Carmen Büttner; Charles H. Calisher; Mengji Cao; Inmaculada Casas; Kartik Chandran; Rémi N. Charrel; Qi Cheng; Yuya Chiaki; Marco Chiapello; Il-Ryong Choi; Marina Ciuffo; J. Christopher S. Clegg; Ian Crozier; Elena Dal Bó; Juan Carlos de la Torre; Xavier de Lamballerie; Rik L. de Swart; Humberto Debat; Nolwenn M. Dheilly; Emiliano Di Cicco; Nicholas Di Paola; Francesco Di Serio; Ralf G. Dietzgen; Michele Digiaro; Olga Dolnik; Michael A. Drebot; J. Felix Drexler; William G. Dundon; W. Paul Duprex; Ralf Dürrwald; John M. Dye; Andrew J. Easton; Hideki Ebihara; Toufic Elbeaino; Koray Ergünay; Hugh W. Ferguson; Anthony R. Fooks; Marco Forgia; Pierre B. H. Formenty; Jana Fránová; Juliana Freitas-Astúa; Jingjing Fu; Stephanie Fürl; Selma Gago-Zachert; George Fú Gāo; María Laura García; Adolfo García-Sastre; Aura R. Garrison; Thomas Gaskin; Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez; Anthony Griffiths; Tony L. Goldberg; Martin H. Groschup; Stephan Günther; Roy A. Hall; John Hammond; Tong Han; Jussi Hepojoki; Roger Hewson; Jiang Hong; Ni Hong; Seiji Hongo; Masayuki Horie; John S. Hu; Tao Hu; Holly R. Hughes; Florian Hüttner; Timothy H. Hyndman; M. Ilyas; Risto Jalkanen; Dàohóng Jiāng; Gilda B. Jonson; Sandra Junglen; Fujio Kadono; Karia H. Kaukinen; Michael Kawate; Boris Klempa; Jonas Klingström; Gary Kobinger; Igor Koloniuk; Hideki Kondō; Eugene V. Koonin; Mart Krupovic; Kenji Kubota; Gael Kurath; Lies Laenen; Amy J. Lambert; Stanley L. Langevin; Benhur Lee; Elliot J. Lefkowitz; Eric M. Leroy; Shaorong Li; Longhui Li; Jiànróng Lǐ; Huazhen Liu; Igor S. Lukashevich; Piet Maes; William Marciel de Souza; Marco Marklewitz; Sergio H. Marshall; Shin-Yi L. Marzano; Sebastien Massart; John W. McCauley; Michael Melzer; Nicole Mielke-Ehret; Kristina M. Miller; Tobi J. Ming; Ali Mirazimi; Gideon J. Mordecai; Hans-Peter Mühlbach; Elke Mühlberger; Rayapati Naidu; Tomohide Natsuaki; José A. Navarro; Sergey V. Netesov; Gabriele Neumann; Norbert Nowotny; Márcio R. T. Nunes; Alejandro Olmedo-Velarde; Gustavo Palacios; Vicente Pallás; Bernadett Pályi; Anna Papa; Sofia Paraskevopoulou; Adam C. Park; Colin R. Parrish; David A. Patterson; Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa; Janusz T. Pawęska; Susan Payne; Carlotta Peracchio; Daniel R. Pérez; Thomas S. Postler; Liying Qi; Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Renato O. Resende; Carina A. Reyes; Bertus K. Rima; Gabriel Robles Luna; Víctor Romanowski; Paul Rota; Dennis Rubbenstroth; Luisa Rubino; Jonathan A. Runstadler; Sead Sabanadzovic; Amadou Alpha Sall; Maria S. Salvato; Rosemary Sang; Takahide Sasaya; Angela D. Schulze; Martin Schwemmle; Mang Shi; Xiǎohóng Shí; Zhènglì Shí; Yoshifumi Shimomoto; Yukio Shirako; Stuart G. Siddell; Peter Simmonds; Manuela Sironi; Guy Smagghe; Sophie Smither; Jin-Won Song; Kirsten Spann; Jessica R. Spengler; Mark D. Stenglein; David M. Stone; Jari Sugano; Curtis A. Suttle; Amy Tabata; Ayato Takada; Shigeharu Takeuchi; David P. Tchouassi; Amy Teffer; Robert B. Tesh; Natalie J. Thornburg; Yasuhiro Tomitaka; Keizō Tomonaga; Noël Tordo; Baldwyn Torto; Jonathan S. Towner; Shinya Tsuda; Changchun Tu; Massimo Turina; Ioannis E. Tzanetakis; Janice Uchida; Tomio Usugi; Anna Maria Vaira; Marta Vallino; Bernadette Van Den Hoogen; Arvind Varsani; Nikos Vasilakis; Martin Verbeek; Susanne von Bargen; Jiro Wada; Victoria Wahl; Peter J. Walker; Lin-Fa Wang; Guoping Wang; Yanxiang Wang; Yaqin Wang; Muhammad Waqas; Tàiyún Wèi; Shaohua Wen; Anna E. Whitfield; John V. Williams; Yuri I. Wolf; Jiangxiang Wu; Lei Xu; Hironobu Yanagisawa; Caixia Yang; Zuokun Yang; F. Murilo Zerbini; Lifeng Zhai; Yong-Zhen Zhang; Song Zhang; Jinguo Zhang; Zhe Zhang; Xueping Zhou. 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales. Archives of Virology 2021, 1 -54.
AMA StyleJens H. Kuhn, Scott Adkins, Bernard R. Agwanda, Rim Al Kubrusli, Sergey V. Alkhovsky, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Tatjana Avšič-Županc, María A. Ayllón, Justin Bahl, Anne Balkema-Buschmann, Matthew J. Ballinger, Christopher F. Basler, Sina Bavari, Martin Beer, Nicolas Bejerman, Andrew J. Bennett, Dennis A. Bente, Éric Bergeron, Brian H. Bird, Carol D. Blair, Kim R. Blasdell, Dag-Ragnar Blystad, Jamie Bojko, Wayne B. Borth, Steven Bradfute, Rachel Breyta, Thomas Briese, Paul A. Brown, Judith K. Brown, Ursula J. Buchholz, Michael J. Buchmeier, Alexander Bukreyev, Felicity Burt, Carmen Büttner, Charles H. Calisher, Mengji Cao, Inmaculada Casas, Kartik Chandran, Rémi N. Charrel, Qi Cheng, Yuya Chiaki, Marco Chiapello, Il-Ryong Choi, Marina Ciuffo, J. Christopher S. Clegg, Ian Crozier, Elena Dal Bó, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Xavier de Lamballerie, Rik L. de Swart, Humberto Debat, Nolwenn M. Dheilly, Emiliano Di Cicco, Nicholas Di Paola, Francesco Di Serio, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Michele Digiaro, Olga Dolnik, Michael A. Drebot, J. Felix Drexler, William G. Dundon, W. Paul Duprex, Ralf Dürrwald, John M. Dye, Andrew J. Easton, Hideki Ebihara, Toufic Elbeaino, Koray Ergünay, Hugh W. Ferguson, Anthony R. Fooks, Marco Forgia, Pierre B. H. Formenty, Jana Fránová, Juliana Freitas-Astúa, Jingjing Fu, Stephanie Fürl, Selma Gago-Zachert, George Fú Gāo, María Laura García, Adolfo García-Sastre, Aura R. Garrison, Thomas Gaskin, Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez, Anthony Griffiths, Tony L. Goldberg, Martin H. Groschup, Stephan Günther, Roy A. Hall, John Hammond, Tong Han, Jussi Hepojoki, Roger Hewson, Jiang Hong, Ni Hong, Seiji Hongo, Masayuki Horie, John S. Hu, Tao Hu, Holly R. Hughes, Florian Hüttner, Timothy H. Hyndman, M. Ilyas, Risto Jalkanen, Dàohóng Jiāng, Gilda B. Jonson, Sandra Junglen, Fujio Kadono, Karia H. Kaukinen, Michael Kawate, Boris Klempa, Jonas Klingström, Gary Kobinger, Igor Koloniuk, Hideki Kondō, Eugene V. Koonin, Mart Krupovic, Kenji Kubota, Gael Kurath, Lies Laenen, Amy J. Lambert, Stanley L. Langevin, Benhur Lee, Elliot J. Lefkowitz, Eric M. Leroy, Shaorong Li, Longhui Li, Jiànróng Lǐ, Huazhen Liu, Igor S. Lukashevich, Piet Maes, William Marciel de Souza, Marco Marklewitz, Sergio H. Marshall, Shin-Yi L. Marzano, Sebastien Massart, John W. McCauley, Michael Melzer, Nicole Mielke-Ehret, Kristina M. Miller, Tobi J. Ming, Ali Mirazimi, Gideon J. Mordecai, Hans-Peter Mühlbach, Elke Mühlberger, Rayapati Naidu, Tomohide Natsuaki, José A. Navarro, Sergey V. Netesov, Gabriele Neumann, Norbert Nowotny, Márcio R. T. Nunes, Alejandro Olmedo-Velarde, Gustavo Palacios, Vicente Pallás, Bernadett Pályi, Anna Papa, Sofia Paraskevopoulou, Adam C. Park, Colin R. Parrish, David A. Patterson, Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa, Janusz T. Pawęska, Susan Payne, Carlotta Peracchio, Daniel R. Pérez, Thomas S. Postler, Liying Qi, Sheli R. Radoshitzky, Renato O. Resende, Carina A. Reyes, Bertus K. Rima, Gabriel Robles Luna, Víctor Romanowski, Paul Rota, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Luisa Rubino, Jonathan A. Runstadler, Sead Sabanadzovic, Amadou Alpha Sall, Maria S. Salvato, Rosemary Sang, Takahide Sasaya, Angela D. Schulze, Martin Schwemmle, Mang Shi, Xiǎohóng Shí, Zhènglì Shí, Yoshifumi Shimomoto, Yukio Shirako, Stuart G. Siddell, Peter Simmonds, Manuela Sironi, Guy Smagghe, Sophie Smither, Jin-Won Song, Kirsten Spann, Jessica R. Spengler, Mark D. Stenglein, David M. Stone, Jari Sugano, Curtis A. Suttle, Amy Tabata, Ayato Takada, Shigeharu Takeuchi, David P. Tchouassi, Amy Teffer, Robert B. Tesh, Natalie J. Thornburg, Yasuhiro Tomitaka, Keizō Tomonaga, Noël Tordo, Baldwyn Torto, Jonathan S. Towner, Shinya Tsuda, Changchun Tu, Massimo Turina, Ioannis E. Tzanetakis, Janice Uchida, Tomio Usugi, Anna Maria Vaira, Marta Vallino, Bernadette Van Den Hoogen, Arvind Varsani, Nikos Vasilakis, Martin Verbeek, Susanne von Bargen, Jiro Wada, Victoria Wahl, Peter J. Walker, Lin-Fa Wang, Guoping Wang, Yanxiang Wang, Yaqin Wang, Muhammad Waqas, Tàiyún Wèi, Shaohua Wen, Anna E. Whitfield, John V. Williams, Yuri I. Wolf, Jiangxiang Wu, Lei Xu, Hironobu Yanagisawa, Caixia Yang, Zuokun Yang, F. Murilo Zerbini, Lifeng Zhai, Yong-Zhen Zhang, Song Zhang, Jinguo Zhang, Zhe Zhang, Xueping Zhou. 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales. Archives of Virology. 2021; ():1-54.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Bernard R. Agwanda; Rim Al Kubrusli; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Christopher F. Basler; Sina Bavari; Martin Beer; Nicolas Bejerman; Andrew J. Bennett; Dennis A. Bente; Éric Bergeron; Brian H. Bird; Carol D. Blair; Kim R. Blasdell; Dag-Ragnar Blystad; Jamie Bojko; Wayne B. Borth; Steven Bradfute; Rachel Breyta; Thomas Briese; Paul A. Brown; Judith K. Brown; Ursula J. Buchholz; Michael J. Buchmeier; Alexander Bukreyev; Felicity Burt; Carmen Büttner; Charles H. Calisher; Mengji Cao; Inmaculada Casas; Kartik Chandran; Rémi N. Charrel; Qi Cheng; Yuya Chiaki; Marco Chiapello; Il-Ryong Choi; Marina Ciuffo; J. Christopher S. Clegg; Ian Crozier; Elena Dal Bó; Juan Carlos de la Torre; Xavier de Lamballerie; Rik L. de Swart; Humberto Debat; Nolwenn M. Dheilly; Emiliano Di Cicco; Nicholas Di Paola; Francesco Di Serio; Ralf G. Dietzgen; Michele Digiaro; Olga Dolnik; Michael A. Drebot; J. Felix Drexler; William G. Dundon; W. Paul Duprex; Ralf Dürrwald; John M. Dye; Andrew J. Easton; Hideki Ebihara; Toufic Elbeaino; Koray Ergünay; Hugh W. Ferguson; Anthony R. Fooks; Marco Forgia; Pierre B. H. Formenty; Jana Fránová; Juliana Freitas-Astúa; Jingjing Fu; Stephanie Fürl; Selma Gago-Zachert; George Fú Gāo; María Laura García; Adolfo García-Sastre; Aura R. Garrison; Thomas Gaskin; Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez; Anthony Griffiths; Tony L. Goldberg; Martin H. Groschup; Stephan Günther; Roy A. Hall; John Hammond; Tong Han; Jussi Hepojoki; Roger Hewson; Jiang Hong; Ni Hong; Seiji Hongo; Masayuki Horie; John S. Hu; Tao Hu; Holly R. Hughes; Florian Hüttner; Timothy H. Hyndman; M. Ilyas; Risto Jalkanen; Dàohóng Jiāng; Gilda B. Jonson; Sandra Junglen; Fujio Kadono; Karia H. Kaukinen; Michael Kawate; Boris Klempa; Jonas Klingström; Gary Kobinger; Igor Koloniuk; Hideki Kondō; Eugene V. Koonin; Mart Krupovic; Kenji Kubota; Gael Kurath; Lies Laenen; Amy J. Lambert; Stanley L. Langevin; Benhur Lee; Elliot J. Lefkowitz; Eric M. Leroy; Shaorong Li; Longhui Li; Jiànróng Lǐ; Huazhen Liu; Igor S. Lukashevich; Piet Maes; William Marciel de Souza; Marco Marklewitz; Sergio H. Marshall; Shin-Yi L. Marzano; Sebastien Massart; John W. McCauley; Michael Melzer; Nicole Mielke-Ehret; Kristina M. Miller; Tobi J. Ming; Ali Mirazimi; Gideon J. Mordecai; Hans-Peter Mühlbach; Elke Mühlberger; Rayapati Naidu; Tomohide Natsuaki; José A. Navarro; Sergey V. Netesov; Gabriele Neumann; Norbert Nowotny; Márcio R. T. Nunes; Alejandro Olmedo-Velarde; Gustavo Palacios; Vicente Pallás; Bernadett Pályi; Anna Papa; Sofia Paraskevopoulou; Adam C. Park; Colin R. Parrish; David A. Patterson; Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa; Janusz T. Pawęska; Susan Payne; Carlotta Peracchio; Daniel R. Pérez; Thomas S. Postler; Liying Qi; Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Renato O. Resende; Carina A. Reyes; Bertus K. Rima; Gabriel Robles Luna; Víctor Romanowski; Paul Rota; Dennis Rubbenstroth; Luisa Rubino; Jonathan A. Runstadler; Sead Sabanadzovic; Amadou Alpha Sall; Maria S. Salvato; Rosemary Sang; Takahide Sasaya; Angela D. Schulze; Martin Schwemmle; Mang Shi; Xiǎohóng Shí; Zhènglì Shí; Yoshifumi Shimomoto; Yukio Shirako; Stuart G. Siddell; Peter Simmonds; Manuela Sironi; Guy Smagghe; Sophie Smither; Jin-Won Song; Kirsten Spann; Jessica R. Spengler; Mark D. Stenglein; David M. Stone; Jari Sugano; Curtis A. Suttle; Amy Tabata; Ayato Takada; Shigeharu Takeuchi; David P. Tchouassi; Amy Teffer; Robert B. Tesh; Natalie J. Thornburg; Yasuhiro Tomitaka; Keizō Tomonaga; Noël Tordo; Baldwyn Torto; Jonathan S. Towner; Shinya Tsuda; Changchun Tu; Massimo Turina; Ioannis E. Tzanetakis; Janice Uchida; Tomio Usugi; Anna Maria Vaira; Marta Vallino; Bernadette Van Den Hoogen; Arvind Varsani; Nikos Vasilakis; Martin Verbeek; Susanne von Bargen; Jiro Wada; Victoria Wahl; Peter J. Walker; Lin-Fa Wang; Guoping Wang; Yanxiang Wang; Yaqin Wang; Muhammad Waqas; Tàiyún Wèi; Shaohua Wen; Anna E. Whitfield; John V. Williams; Yuri I. Wolf; Jiangxiang Wu; Lei Xu; Hironobu Yanagisawa; Caixia Yang; Zuokun Yang; F. Murilo Zerbini; Lifeng Zhai; Yong-Zhen Zhang; Song Zhang; Jinguo Zhang; Zhe Zhang; Xueping Zhou. 2021. "2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales." Archives of Virology , no. : 1-54.
Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an emerging tick-borne disease causing severe and fatal haemorrhagic syndrome in humans. Hyalomma spp. ticks are the primary vectors and sheep are important CCHF virus (CCHFV)-amplifying hosts. In this study, blood samples and ticks collected in October 2019 from 270 sheep from 15 farms across Tunisia constituted the main research material. Moreover, the sera of the same animals taken at different periods between 2018 and 2019 were also used to obtain comparative results. To investigate the presence of anti-CCHFV antibodies in sheep, all sera were tested using ELISA. Reactive sera were further characterised by a virus neutralisation test (VNT). Overall, one out of the 270 tested sheep was both ELISA- and strongly VNT-positive to CCHFV. Another two sheep were borderline ELISA-positive but did not exhibit neutralising antibodies. Ninety-one ticks were collected from all sampled sheep, of which 34 (37.4%) belonged to Hyalomma spp. This is the first report of anti-CCHFV antibodies in sheep from Tunisia. Both the results of this study and the recent CCHFV detection in ticks collected from camels in southern Tunisia indicate that further studies are needed to determine the competent tick vector in the country and to characterise the epidemiological cycle of CCHFV.
Médiha Khamassi Khbou; Rihab Romdhane; Faten Bouaicha Zaafouri; Mohsen Bouajila; Limam Sassi; Sofia K. Appelberg; Ansgar Schulz; Ali Mirazimi; Martin H. Groschup; Mourad Rekik; M'hammed Benzarti; Mohamed Gharbi. Presence of antibodies to Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in sheep in Tunisia, North Africa. Veterinary Medicine and Science 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMédiha Khamassi Khbou, Rihab Romdhane, Faten Bouaicha Zaafouri, Mohsen Bouajila, Limam Sassi, Sofia K. Appelberg, Ansgar Schulz, Ali Mirazimi, Martin H. Groschup, Mourad Rekik, M'hammed Benzarti, Mohamed Gharbi. Presence of antibodies to Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in sheep in Tunisia, North Africa. Veterinary Medicine and Science. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMédiha Khamassi Khbou; Rihab Romdhane; Faten Bouaicha Zaafouri; Mohsen Bouajila; Limam Sassi; Sofia K. Appelberg; Ansgar Schulz; Ali Mirazimi; Martin H. Groschup; Mourad Rekik; M'hammed Benzarti; Mohamed Gharbi. 2021. "Presence of antibodies to Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in sheep in Tunisia, North Africa." Veterinary Medicine and Science , no. : 1.
Dugbe orthonairovirus (DUGV) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV) are tick-borne arboviruses within the order Bunyavirales. Both viruses are endemic in several African countries and can induce mild (DUGV, BSL 3) or fatal (CCHFV, BSL 4) disease in humans. Ruminants play a major role in their natural transmission cycle. Therefore, they are considered as suitable indicator animals for serological monitoring studies to assess the risk for human infections. Although both viruses do not actually belong to the same serogroup, cross-reactivities have already been reported earlier—hence, the correct serological discrimination of DUGV and CCHFV antibodies is crucial. In this study, 300 Nigerian cattle sera (150 CCHFV seropositive and seronegative samples, respectively) were screened for DUGV antibodies via N protein-based ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence (iIFA) and neutralization assays. Whereas no correlation between the CCHFV antibody status and DUGV seroprevalence data could be demonstrated with a newly established DUGV ELISA, significant cross-reactivities were observed in an immunofluorescence assay. Moreover, DUGV seropositive samples did also cross-react in a species-adapted commercial CCHFV iIFA. Therefore, ELISAs seem to be able to reliably differentiate between DUGV and CCHFV antibodies and should preferentially be used for monitoring studies. Positive iIFA results should always be confirmed by ELISAs.
Julia Hartlaub; Oluwafemi Daodu; Balal Sadeghi; Markus Keller; James Olopade; Daniel Oluwayelu; Martin Groschup. Cross-Reaction or Co-Infection? Serological Discrimination of Antibodies Directed against Dugbe and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Orthonairovirus in Nigerian Cattle. Viruses 2021, 13, 1398 .
AMA StyleJulia Hartlaub, Oluwafemi Daodu, Balal Sadeghi, Markus Keller, James Olopade, Daniel Oluwayelu, Martin Groschup. Cross-Reaction or Co-Infection? Serological Discrimination of Antibodies Directed against Dugbe and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Orthonairovirus in Nigerian Cattle. Viruses. 2021; 13 (7):1398.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulia Hartlaub; Oluwafemi Daodu; Balal Sadeghi; Markus Keller; James Olopade; Daniel Oluwayelu; Martin Groschup. 2021. "Cross-Reaction or Co-Infection? Serological Discrimination of Antibodies Directed against Dugbe and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Orthonairovirus in Nigerian Cattle." Viruses 13, no. 7: 1398.
Antibody cross-reactivities between related viruses are common diagnostic challenges, resulting in reduced diagnostic specificities and sensitivities. In this study, antibody cross-reactions between neglected members of the genus Orthonairovirus—Hazara (HAZV), Dugbe (DUGV), and Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus (NSDV)—were investigated. Mono-specific ovine and bovine sera following experimental infections as well immunization trials with HAZV, DUGV, and NSDV were tested in homologous and heterologous virus-specific assays, namely indirect ELISAs based on recombinant N protein, indirect immunofluorescence assays (iIFA), and two neutralization test formats (plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) and micro-virus neutralization test (mVNT)). The highest specificities were achieved with the ELISAs, followed by the mVNT, iIFA, and PRNT. Cross-reactivities were mainly observed within the Nairobi sheep disease serogroup–but surprisingly, HAZV antibodies in PRNT did also neutralize NSDV and DUGV. In conclusion, we recommend ELISAs and mVNTs for a discriminative diagnostic approach to differentiate between these antibodies. NSDV antisera were also used in serological assays for the detection of antibodies against the human pathogen Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV). Interestingly, all CCHFV ELISAs (In-house and commercial) achieved high diagnostic specificities, whereas significant cross-reactivities were observed in a CCHFV iIFA. Previously, similar results were obtained when analyzing the HAZV and DUGV antisera.
Julia Hartlaub; Markus Keller; Martin Groschup. Deciphering Antibody Responses to Orthonairoviruses in Ruminants. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1493 .
AMA StyleJulia Hartlaub, Markus Keller, Martin Groschup. Deciphering Antibody Responses to Orthonairoviruses in Ruminants. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (7):1493.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulia Hartlaub; Markus Keller; Martin Groschup. 2021. "Deciphering Antibody Responses to Orthonairoviruses in Ruminants." Microorganisms 9, no. 7: 1493.
Background Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) belongs to the genus Orthonairovirus (Nairovididae) and is a (re)emerging tick-borne pathogen. It is endemic in most parts of Africa, Asia and southern Europe, and can cause severe hemorrhagic symptoms in humans, with high fatality rates (5–30%). Methods Hyalomma ticks were collected from four different livestock herds (cattle and camels) in Mauritania in 2018. The tick species were determined morphologically and confirmed molecularly by using the cytochrome oxidase 1 gene marker. For the detection of CCHFV, ticks were tested individually by one-step multiplex real-time reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The small segment of all positive samples was sequenced to determine the CCHFV genotype. Results In total, 39 of the 1523 ticks (2.56%) collected from 63 cattles and 28 camels tested positive for CCHFV. Three Hyalomma species were identified. Hyalomma rufipes had the largest proportion of positivity (5.67%; 16/282), followed by Hyalomma dromedarii (1.89%; 23/1214). No Hyalomma impeltatum tested positive (0%; 0/21). Positive ticks were found in only six out of 91 host animals. Viral sequence analysis revealed the presence of two different CCHFV lineages (Africa I and Africa III). Conclusions In this study, 2.56% of Hyalomma ticks collected from camels and cattle in Mauritania tested positive for CCHFV. However, the true prevalence of CCHFV in unfed ticks may be lower, as a considerable number of ticks may have been passively infected during blood-feeding by co-feeding ticks or due to viremia of the host. The results indicate the need to track the actual area of circulation of this virus. Graphic Abstract
A. Schulz; Y. Barry; F. Stoek; M. J. Pickin; A. Ba; L. Chitimia-Dobler; M. L. Haki; B. A. Doumbia; A. Eisenbarth; A. Diambar; M. Y. Bah; M. Eiden; M. H. Groschup. Detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in blood-fed Hyalomma ticks collected from Mauritanian livestock. Parasites & Vectors 2021, 14, 1 -10.
AMA StyleA. Schulz, Y. Barry, F. Stoek, M. J. Pickin, A. Ba, L. Chitimia-Dobler, M. L. Haki, B. A. Doumbia, A. Eisenbarth, A. Diambar, M. Y. Bah, M. Eiden, M. H. Groschup. Detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in blood-fed Hyalomma ticks collected from Mauritanian livestock. Parasites & Vectors. 2021; 14 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Schulz; Y. Barry; F. Stoek; M. J. Pickin; A. Ba; L. Chitimia-Dobler; M. L. Haki; B. A. Doumbia; A. Eisenbarth; A. Diambar; M. Y. Bah; M. Eiden; M. H. Groschup. 2021. "Detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in blood-fed Hyalomma ticks collected from Mauritanian livestock." Parasites & Vectors 14, no. 1: 1-10.
Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus (NSDV) is a zoonotic tick-borne arbovirus, which causes severe gastroenteritis in small ruminants. To date, the virus is prevalent in East Africa and Asia. However, due to climate change, including the spread of transmitting tick vectors and increased animal movements, it is likely that the distribution range of NSDV is enlarging. In this project, sheep and cattle (hitherto classified as resistant to NSDV) were experimentally infected with NSDV for a comparative study of the species-specific pathogenesis. For this purpose, several new diagnostic assays (RT-qPCR, ELISA, iIFA, mVNT, PRNT) were developed, which will also be useful for future epidemiological investigations. All challenged sheep (three different doses groups) developed characteristic clinical signs, transient viremia and virus shedding—almost independent on the applied virus dose. Half of the sheep had to be euthanized due to severe clinical signs, including hemorrhagic diarrhea. In contrast, the course of infection in cattle was only subclinical. However, all ruminants showed seroconversion—implying that, indeed, both species are susceptible for NSDV. Hence, not only sheep but also cattle sera can be included in serological monitoring programs for the surveillance of NSDV occurrence and spread in the future.
Julia Hartlaub; Benjamin Gutjahr; Christine Fast; Ali Mirazimi; Markus Keller; Martin Groschup. Diagnosis and Pathogenesis of Nairobi Sheep Disease Orthonairovirus Infections in Sheep and Cattle. Viruses 2021, 13, 1250 .
AMA StyleJulia Hartlaub, Benjamin Gutjahr, Christine Fast, Ali Mirazimi, Markus Keller, Martin Groschup. Diagnosis and Pathogenesis of Nairobi Sheep Disease Orthonairovirus Infections in Sheep and Cattle. Viruses. 2021; 13 (7):1250.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulia Hartlaub; Benjamin Gutjahr; Christine Fast; Ali Mirazimi; Markus Keller; Martin Groschup. 2021. "Diagnosis and Pathogenesis of Nairobi Sheep Disease Orthonairovirus Infections in Sheep and Cattle." Viruses 13, no. 7: 1250.
Hepatitis E is an emerging viral disease that is the leading cause of viral hepatitis in the world. The vast majority of hepatitis E cases in developed countries are caused by zoonotic genotypes 3 and 4 of hepatitis E virus (HEV) for which pig and wild boar and to lesser extent rabbits are the main reservoir. According to recent reports rabbits are a source of human HEV infection and highlight the risk of zoonotic foodborne transmission. Here we report the molecular analysis of a novel HEV strain identified in a rabbit during a countrywide surveillance of rabbits and hares in Germany, 2016. The analysis of the complete genome reveals characteristics of a putative novel recombinant subtype of the species Orthohepevirus A within the clade of genotype 3 but not closely related to any known subtypes. Importantly, the genome of this strain possesses a nucleotide exchange in the overlapping region of open reading frames ORF2/ORF3 interfering with a broadly applied diagnostic real-time RT-PCR. In conclusion, a new type of HEV strain was identified in a German rabbit with atypical and novel sequence characteristics.
Filip Cierniak; Felicitas von Arnim; Gerald Heckel; Rainer Ulrich; Martin Groschup; Martin Eiden. A Putative Novel Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 Subtype Identified in Rabbit, Germany 2016. Viruses 2021, 13, 1065 .
AMA StyleFilip Cierniak, Felicitas von Arnim, Gerald Heckel, Rainer Ulrich, Martin Groschup, Martin Eiden. A Putative Novel Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 Subtype Identified in Rabbit, Germany 2016. Viruses. 2021; 13 (6):1065.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFilip Cierniak; Felicitas von Arnim; Gerald Heckel; Rainer Ulrich; Martin Groschup; Martin Eiden. 2021. "A Putative Novel Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 Subtype Identified in Rabbit, Germany 2016." Viruses 13, no. 6: 1065.
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a zoonotic arthropod-borne virus, which has led to devastating epidemics in African countries and on the Arabian Peninsula. Results of in-vivo, in-vitro and field studies suggested that amphibians and reptiles may play a role as reservoir hosts of RVFV, promoting its maintenance during inter-epidemic periods. To elucidate this hypothesis, we examined two newly established reptile-derived cell lines (Egyptian cobra and Chinese pond turtle) and five previously generated reptile- and amphibian-derived cell lines for their replicative capacity for three low- and high-pathogenic RVFV strains. At different time points after infection, viral loads (TCID50), genome loads and the presence of intracellular viral antigen (immunofluorescence) were assessed. Additionally, the influence of temperatures on the replication was examined. Except for one cell line (read-eared slider), all seven cell lines were infected by all three RVFV strains. Two different terrapin-derived cell lines (Common box turtle, Chinese pond turtle) were highly susceptible. A temperature-dependent replication of RVFV was detected for both amphibian and reptile cells. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate the general permissiveness of amphibian and reptile cell lines to RVFV and propose a potential involvement of terrapins in the virus ecology.
Melanie Rissmann; Matthias Lenk; Franziska Stoek; Claudia Szentiks; Martin Eiden; Martin Groschup. Replication of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Amphibian and Reptile-Derived Cell Lines. Pathogens 2021, 10, 681 .
AMA StyleMelanie Rissmann, Matthias Lenk, Franziska Stoek, Claudia Szentiks, Martin Eiden, Martin Groschup. Replication of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Amphibian and Reptile-Derived Cell Lines. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (6):681.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMelanie Rissmann; Matthias Lenk; Franziska Stoek; Claudia Szentiks; Martin Eiden; Martin Groschup. 2021. "Replication of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Amphibian and Reptile-Derived Cell Lines." Pathogens 10, no. 6: 681.
Prion diseases like scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle or Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) in humans are fatal neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the conformational conversion of the normal, mainly α-helical cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the abnormal β-sheet rich infectious isoform PrPSc. Various therapeutic or prophylactic approaches have been conducted, but no approved therapeutic treatment is available so far. Immunisation against prions is hampered by the self-tolerance to PrPC in mammalian species. One strategy to avoid this tolerance is presenting PrP variants in virus-like particles (VLPs). Therefore, we vaccinated C57/BL6 mice with nine prion peptide variants presented by hamster polyomavirus capsid protein VP1/VP2-derived VLPs. Mice were subsequently challenged intraperitoneally with the murine RML prion strain. Importantly, one group exhibited significantly increased mean survival time of 240 days post-inoculation compared with 202 days of the control group. These data show that immunisation with VLPs presenting PrP peptides may represent a promising strategy for an effective vaccination against transmissible spongiform encephalitis agents.
Martin Eiden; Alma Gedvilaite; Fabienne Leidel; Rainer Ulrich; Martin Groschup. Vaccination with Prion Peptide-Displaying Polyomavirus-Like Particles Prolongs Incubation Time in Scrapie-Infected Mice. Viruses 2021, 13, 811 .
AMA StyleMartin Eiden, Alma Gedvilaite, Fabienne Leidel, Rainer Ulrich, Martin Groschup. Vaccination with Prion Peptide-Displaying Polyomavirus-Like Particles Prolongs Incubation Time in Scrapie-Infected Mice. Viruses. 2021; 13 (5):811.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartin Eiden; Alma Gedvilaite; Fabienne Leidel; Rainer Ulrich; Martin Groschup. 2021. "Vaccination with Prion Peptide-Displaying Polyomavirus-Like Particles Prolongs Incubation Time in Scrapie-Infected Mice." Viruses 13, no. 5: 811.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is one of the most widespread zoonotic arthropod-borne viruses in many parts of Africa, Europe and Asia. It belongs to the family of Nairoviridae in the genus of Orthonairovirus. The main reservoir and vector are ticks of the genus Hyalomma. Livestock animals (such as cattle, small ruminants and camels) develop a viremias lasting up to two weeks with absence of clinical symptoms, followed by seroconversion. This study was carried out to assess risk factors that affect seroprevalence rates in different species. In total, 928 livestock animal samples (cattle = 201; sheep = 247; goats = 233; camels = 247) from 11 out of 13 regions in Mauritania were assayed for CCHFV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) (including a novel indirect camel-IgG-specific CCHFV ELISA). Inconclusive results were resolved by an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). A generalized linear mixed-effects model (GLMM) was used to draw conclusions about the impact of certain factors (age, species, sex and region) which might have influenced the CCHFV antibody status of surveyed animals. In goats and sheep, about 15% of the animals were seropositive, whereas in cattle (69%) and camels (81%), the prevalence rate was significantly higher. On average, cattle and camels were up to twice to four times older than small ruminants. Interestingly, the seroprevalence in all species was directly linked to the age of the animals, i.e. older animals had significantly higher seroprevalence rates than younger animals. The highest CCHFV seroprevalence in Mauritania was found in camels and cattle, followed by small ruminants. The large proportion of positive animals in cattle and camels might be explained by the high ages of the animals. Future CCHFV prevalence studies should at least consider the age of surveyed animals in order to avoid misinterpretations.
Ansgar Schulz; Yahya Barry; Franziska Stoek; Aliou Ba; Jana Schulz; Mohamed L. Haki; Miriam A. Sas; Baba A. Doumbia; Peter Kirkland; Mohamed Y. Bah; Martin Eiden; Martin H. Groschup. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus antibody prevalence in Mauritanian livestock (cattle, goats, sheep and camels) is stratified by the animal’s age. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021, 15, e0009228 .
AMA StyleAnsgar Schulz, Yahya Barry, Franziska Stoek, Aliou Ba, Jana Schulz, Mohamed L. Haki, Miriam A. Sas, Baba A. Doumbia, Peter Kirkland, Mohamed Y. Bah, Martin Eiden, Martin H. Groschup. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus antibody prevalence in Mauritanian livestock (cattle, goats, sheep and camels) is stratified by the animal’s age. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2021; 15 (4):e0009228.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnsgar Schulz; Yahya Barry; Franziska Stoek; Aliou Ba; Jana Schulz; Mohamed L. Haki; Miriam A. Sas; Baba A. Doumbia; Peter Kirkland; Mohamed Y. Bah; Martin Eiden; Martin H. Groschup. 2021. "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus antibody prevalence in Mauritanian livestock (cattle, goats, sheep and camels) is stratified by the animal’s age." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 4: e0009228.
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is an arthropod‐borne virus that can cause severe disease in ruminants and humans. Epidemics occur mainly after heavy rainfall, which leads to a significant increase in the occurrence of RVFV transmitting mosquitoes. During inter‐epidemic periods the virus is assumed to be maintained between mosquitoes, susceptible livestock and yet unknown wildlife. The widespread rodent Rattus rattus (black rat) has been suspected to be involved in RVFV maintenance. In order to elucidate its susceptibility and thus its possible role in the transmission cycle of the virus, an experimental infection study was performed. Black rats were subcutaneously infected with highly virulent RVFV strain 35/74 and sacrificed on day 3, 14 and 28 post infection. Additional black rats served as non‐infected contact animals. The infected black rats showed high susceptibility to RVFV infection. Generation of RVFV neutralizing antibodies was found and the rats developed viremias lasting up to 17 days. Viral RNA was found in tissues until the last day of the experiment. However, neither a clinical manifestation nor virus‐induced histopathological lesions were observed in any rat. These findings indicate the persistence of RVFV in black rats without affecting the animals. In contact animals, no evidence of horizontal RVFV transmission was found, although the co‐housed infected rats showed oral, rectal and conjunctival RVFV shedding. Results of this study point to an involvement of black rats in the RVFV transmission cycle and further studies are needed to investigate their potential role in the maintenance of the virus.
Franziska Stoek; Melanie Rissmann; Reiner Ulrich; Martin Eiden; Martin H. Groschup. Black rats ( Rattus rattus ) as potential reservoir hosts for Rift Valley fever phlebovirus: Experimental infection results in viral replication and shedding without clinical manifestation. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleFranziska Stoek, Melanie Rissmann, Reiner Ulrich, Martin Eiden, Martin H. Groschup. Black rats ( Rattus rattus ) as potential reservoir hosts for Rift Valley fever phlebovirus: Experimental infection results in viral replication and shedding without clinical manifestation. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFranziska Stoek; Melanie Rissmann; Reiner Ulrich; Martin Eiden; Martin H. Groschup. 2021. "Black rats ( Rattus rattus ) as potential reservoir hosts for Rift Valley fever phlebovirus: Experimental infection results in viral replication and shedding without clinical manifestation." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
Compared to free antigens, antigens immobilized on scaffolds, such as nanoparticles, generally show improved immunogenicity. Conventionally, antigens are conjugated to scaffolds through genetic fusion or chemical conjugation, which may result in impaired assembly or heterogeneous binding and orientation of the antigens. By combining two emerging technologies—i.e., self-assembling multimeric protein scaffold particles (MPSPs) and bacterial superglue—these shortcomings can be overcome and antigens can be bound on particles in their native conformation. In the present work, we assessed whether this technology could improve the immunogenicity of a candidate subunit vaccine against the zoonotic Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). For this, the head domain of glycoprotein Gn, a known target of neutralizing antibodies, was coupled on various MPSPs to further assess immunogenicity and efficacy in vivo. The results showed that the Gn head domain, when bound to the lumazine synthase-based MPSP, reduced mortality in a lethal mouse model and protected lambs, the most susceptible RVFV target animals, from viremia and clinical signs after immunization. Furthermore, the same subunit coupled to two other MPSPs (Geobacillus stearothermophilus E2 or a modified KDPG Aldolase) provided full protection in lambs as well.
Paul Wichgers Schreur; Mirriam Tacken; Benjamin Gutjahr; Markus Keller; Lucien van Keulen; Jet Kant; Sandra van de Water; Yanyin Lin; Martin Eiden; Melanie Rissmann; Felicitas von Arnim; Rebecca König; Alexander Brix; Catherine Charreyre; Jean-Christophe Audonnet; Martin Groschup; Jeroen Kortekaas. Vaccine Efficacy of Self-Assembled Multimeric Protein Scaffold Particles Displaying the Glycoprotein Gn Head Domain of Rift Valley Fever Virus. Vaccines 2021, 9, 301 .
AMA StylePaul Wichgers Schreur, Mirriam Tacken, Benjamin Gutjahr, Markus Keller, Lucien van Keulen, Jet Kant, Sandra van de Water, Yanyin Lin, Martin Eiden, Melanie Rissmann, Felicitas von Arnim, Rebecca König, Alexander Brix, Catherine Charreyre, Jean-Christophe Audonnet, Martin Groschup, Jeroen Kortekaas. Vaccine Efficacy of Self-Assembled Multimeric Protein Scaffold Particles Displaying the Glycoprotein Gn Head Domain of Rift Valley Fever Virus. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (3):301.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul Wichgers Schreur; Mirriam Tacken; Benjamin Gutjahr; Markus Keller; Lucien van Keulen; Jet Kant; Sandra van de Water; Yanyin Lin; Martin Eiden; Melanie Rissmann; Felicitas von Arnim; Rebecca König; Alexander Brix; Catherine Charreyre; Jean-Christophe Audonnet; Martin Groschup; Jeroen Kortekaas. 2021. "Vaccine Efficacy of Self-Assembled Multimeric Protein Scaffold Particles Displaying the Glycoprotein Gn Head Domain of Rift Valley Fever Virus." Vaccines 9, no. 3: 301.
The emergence of West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) in Europe resulted in significant outbreaks leading to avifauna mortality and human infections. Both viruses have overlapping geographical, host and vector ranges, and are often co‐circulating in Europe. In Germany, a nationwide bird surveillance network was established to monitor these zoonotic arthropod‐borne viruses in migratory and resident birds. In this framework, co‐infections with WNV and USUV were detected in six dead birds collected in 2018 and 2019. Genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analyses classified the detected WNV strains as lineage 2 and the USUV strains as lineages Africa 2 (n=2), Africa 3 (n=3), and Europe 2 (n=1). Preliminary attempts to co‐propagate both viruses in‐vitro failed. However, we successfully cultivated WNV from two animals. Further evidence for WNV‐USUV co‐infection was obtained by sampling live birds in four zoological gardens with confirmed WNV cases. Three snowy owls had high neutralizing antibody titers against both WNV and USUV, of which two were also positive for USUV‐RNA. In conclusion, further reports of co‐infections in animals as well as in humans are expected in the future, particularly in areas where both viruses are present in the vector population.
Pauline Dianne Santos; Friederike Michel; Claudia Wylezich; Dirk Höper; Markus Keller; Cora M. Holicki; Claudia A. Szentiks; Martin Eiden; Aemero Muluneh; Antonie Neubauer‐Juric; Sabine Thalheim; Anja Globig; Martin Beer; Martin H. Groschup; Ute Ziegler. Co‐Infections: Simultaneous Detections of West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus in Birds from Germany. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .
AMA StylePauline Dianne Santos, Friederike Michel, Claudia Wylezich, Dirk Höper, Markus Keller, Cora M. Holicki, Claudia A. Szentiks, Martin Eiden, Aemero Muluneh, Antonie Neubauer‐Juric, Sabine Thalheim, Anja Globig, Martin Beer, Martin H. Groschup, Ute Ziegler. Co‐Infections: Simultaneous Detections of West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus in Birds from Germany. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePauline Dianne Santos; Friederike Michel; Claudia Wylezich; Dirk Höper; Markus Keller; Cora M. Holicki; Claudia A. Szentiks; Martin Eiden; Aemero Muluneh; Antonie Neubauer‐Juric; Sabine Thalheim; Anja Globig; Martin Beer; Martin H. Groschup; Ute Ziegler. 2021. "Co‐Infections: Simultaneous Detections of West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus in Birds from Germany." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
Dugbe orthonairovirus (DUGV) is a tick-borne arbovirus within the order Bunyavirales. DUGV was first isolated in Nigeria, but virus isolations in ten further African countries indicate that DUGV is widespread throughout Africa. Humans can suffer from a mild febrile illness, hence, DUGV is classified as a biosafety level (BSL) 3 agent. In contrast, no disease has been described in animals, albeit serological evidence exists that ruminants are common hosts and may play an important role in the transmission cycle of this neglected arbovirus. In this study, young sheep and calves were experimentally inoculated with DUGV in order to determine their susceptibility and to study the course of infection. Moreover, potential antibody cross-reactivities in currently available diagnostic assays for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV) were assessed as DUGV is distantly related to CCHFV. Following subcutaneous inoculation, none of the animals developed clinical signs or viremia. However, all ruminants seroconverted, as demonstrated by two DUGV neutralization test formats (micro-virus neutralization test (mVNT), plaque reduction (PRNT)), by indirect immunofluorescence assays and in bovines by a newly developed DUGV recombinant N protein ELISA. Sera did not react in commercial CCHFV ELISAs, whereas cross-reactivities were observed by immunofluorescence and immunoblot assays.
Julia Hartlaub; Felicitas von Arnim; Christine Fast; Ali Mirazimi; Markus Keller; Martin Groschup. Experimental Challenge of Sheep and Cattle with Dugbe Orthonairovirus, a Neglected African Arbovirus Distantly Related to CCHFV. Viruses 2021, 13, 372 .
AMA StyleJulia Hartlaub, Felicitas von Arnim, Christine Fast, Ali Mirazimi, Markus Keller, Martin Groschup. Experimental Challenge of Sheep and Cattle with Dugbe Orthonairovirus, a Neglected African Arbovirus Distantly Related to CCHFV. Viruses. 2021; 13 (3):372.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulia Hartlaub; Felicitas von Arnim; Christine Fast; Ali Mirazimi; Markus Keller; Martin Groschup. 2021. "Experimental Challenge of Sheep and Cattle with Dugbe Orthonairovirus, a Neglected African Arbovirus Distantly Related to CCHFV." Viruses 13, no. 3: 372.
Arthropod-borne Batai virus (BATV) is an Orthobunyavirus widely distributed throughout European livestock and has, in the past, been linked to febrile diseases in humans. In Germany, BATV was found in mosquitoes and in one captive harbor seal, and antibodies were recently detected in various ruminant species. We have, therefore, conducted a follow-up study in ruminants from Saxony-Anhalt, the most affected region in Eastern Germany. A total of 325 blood samples from apparently healthy sheep, goats, and cattle were tested using a BATV-specific qRT-PCR and SNT. Even though viral RNA was not detected, the presence of antibodies was confirmed in the sera of all three species: sheep (16.5%), goats (18.3%), and cattle (41.4%). Sera were further analyzed by a glycoprotein Gc-based indirect ELISA to evaluate Gc-derived antibodies as a basis for a new serological test for BATV infections. Interestingly, the presence of neutralizing antibodies was not directly linked to the presence of BATV Gc antibodies. Overall, our results illustrate the high frequency of BATV infections in ruminants in Eastern Germany.
Nicole Cichon; Martin Eiden; Jana Schulz; Anne Günther; Patrick Wysocki; Cora Holicki; Joachim Borgwardt; Wolfgang Gaede; Martin Groschup; Ute Ziegler. Serological and Molecular Investigation of Batai Virus Infections in Ruminants from the State of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, 2018. Viruses 2021, 13, 370 .
AMA StyleNicole Cichon, Martin Eiden, Jana Schulz, Anne Günther, Patrick Wysocki, Cora Holicki, Joachim Borgwardt, Wolfgang Gaede, Martin Groschup, Ute Ziegler. Serological and Molecular Investigation of Batai Virus Infections in Ruminants from the State of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, 2018. Viruses. 2021; 13 (3):370.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicole Cichon; Martin Eiden; Jana Schulz; Anne Günther; Patrick Wysocki; Cora Holicki; Joachim Borgwardt; Wolfgang Gaede; Martin Groschup; Ute Ziegler. 2021. "Serological and Molecular Investigation of Batai Virus Infections in Ruminants from the State of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, 2018." Viruses 13, no. 3: 370.
Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the leading cause of acute hepatitis throughout the world. Increasing blood component transfusion‐associated HEV infections highlight the need for reliable virus inactivation procedures for plasma derivatives from pooled plasma donations. Study Design and Methods An animal infection study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of HEV inactivation by pasteurization during the manufacturing process of the von Willebrand Factor/Factor VIII (VWF/FVIII) concentrate Haemate P/Humate‐P (CSL Behring, Marburg, Germany). For this purpose, groups of pigs were inoculated with stabilized VWF/FVIII intermediate spiked with HEV‐positive liver homogenate and exposed to increasing incubation times of 0, 3, 6, and 10 h at 60°C. Animals were evaluated for virus replication over 27 days and in a subsequent trial over 92 days. Results Virus replication was detected in animals up to the 6‐h pasteurization group. In contrast, pasteurization for 10 h did not reveal virus detection when the observation period was 27 days. In an additional experiment using the 10‐h pasteurized material, two individuals started virus excretion and seroconverted when the observation period was extended to 92 days. Based on the total infection rate (2 of 12) of the animals inoculated with the sample pasteurized for 10 h, a virus reduction factor of at least 4.7 log10 is calculated. Conclusion This study demonstrates that pasteurization at 60°C for 10 h of an HEV‐positive plasma derivative leads to the effective reduction of infectivity, resulting in a VWF/FVIII product with an appropriate margin of safety for HEV.
Lisa Dähnert; Josephine Schlosser; Christine Fast; Andreas Fröhlich; Albrecht Gröner; Elke Lange; Nathan J. Roth; Wolfram Schäfer; Charlotte Schröder; Martin Eiden; Martin H. Groschup. Hepatitis E virus: Efficacy of pasteurization of plasma‐derived VWF / FVIII concentrate determined by pig bioassay. Transfusion 2021, 61, 1266 -1277.
AMA StyleLisa Dähnert, Josephine Schlosser, Christine Fast, Andreas Fröhlich, Albrecht Gröner, Elke Lange, Nathan J. Roth, Wolfram Schäfer, Charlotte Schröder, Martin Eiden, Martin H. Groschup. Hepatitis E virus: Efficacy of pasteurization of plasma‐derived VWF / FVIII concentrate determined by pig bioassay. Transfusion. 2021; 61 (4):1266-1277.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLisa Dähnert; Josephine Schlosser; Christine Fast; Andreas Fröhlich; Albrecht Gröner; Elke Lange; Nathan J. Roth; Wolfram Schäfer; Charlotte Schröder; Martin Eiden; Martin H. Groschup. 2021. "Hepatitis E virus: Efficacy of pasteurization of plasma‐derived VWF / FVIII concentrate determined by pig bioassay." Transfusion 61, no. 4: 1266-1277.
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is a human prion disease resulting from zoonotic transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Documented cases of vCJD transmission by blood transfusion necessitate on-going risk reduction measures to protect blood supplies, such as leucodepletion (removal of white blood cells, WBCs). This study set out to determine the risks of prion transmission by transfusion of labile blood components (red blood cells, platelets, plasma) commonly used in human medicine, and the effectiveness of leucodepletion in preventing infection, using BSE-infected sheep as a model. All components were capable of transmitting prion disease when donors were in the preclinical phase of infection, with the highest rates of infection in recipients of whole blood and buffy coat, and the lowest in recipients of plasma. Leucodepletion of components (6 WBCs/unit) resulted in significantly lower transmission rates, but did not completely prevent transmission by any component. Donor PRNP genotype at codon 141, which is associated with variation in incubation period, also had a significant effect on transfusion transmission rates. A sensitive protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) assay, applied to longitudinal series of blood samples, identified infected sheep from 4 months post infection. However, in donor sheep (orally infected), the onset of detection of PrPSc in blood was much more variable, and generally later, compared to recipients (intravenous infection). This shows that the route and method of infection may profoundly affect the period during which an individual is infectious, and the test sensitivity required for reliable preclinical diagnosis, both of which have important implications for disease control. Our results emphasize that blood transfusion can be a highly efficient route of transmission for prion diseases. Given current uncertainties over the prevalence of asymptomatic vCJD carriers, this argues for the maintenance and improvement of current measures to reduce the risk of transmission by blood products.
M. Khalid F. Salamat; A. Richard Alejo Blanco; Sandra McCutcheon; Kyle B. C. Tan; Paula Stewart; Helen Brown; Allister Smith; Christopher de Wolf; Martin H. Groschup; Dietmar Becher; Olivier Andréoletti; Marc Turner; Jean C. Manson; E. Fiona Houston. Preclinical transmission of prions by blood transfusion is influenced by donor genotype and route of infection. PLOS Pathogens 2021, 17, e1009276 .
AMA StyleM. Khalid F. Salamat, A. Richard Alejo Blanco, Sandra McCutcheon, Kyle B. C. Tan, Paula Stewart, Helen Brown, Allister Smith, Christopher de Wolf, Martin H. Groschup, Dietmar Becher, Olivier Andréoletti, Marc Turner, Jean C. Manson, E. Fiona Houston. Preclinical transmission of prions by blood transfusion is influenced by donor genotype and route of infection. PLOS Pathogens. 2021; 17 (2):e1009276.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Khalid F. Salamat; A. Richard Alejo Blanco; Sandra McCutcheon; Kyle B. C. Tan; Paula Stewart; Helen Brown; Allister Smith; Christopher de Wolf; Martin H. Groschup; Dietmar Becher; Olivier Andréoletti; Marc Turner; Jean C. Manson; E. Fiona Houston. 2021. "Preclinical transmission of prions by blood transfusion is influenced by donor genotype and route of infection." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 2: e1009276.
Background & Aims Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are prevalent worldwide. Various viruses have been detected in the ejaculate and can outlast the duration of viremia, indicating replication beyond the blood-testis barrier. HEV replication in diverse organs, however, is still widely misunderstood. We aimed to determine the occurrence, features and morphology of HEV in the ejaculate. Methods The presence of HEV in testis was assessed in 12 experimentally HEV-genotype 3-infected pigs. We further tested ejaculate, urine, stool and blood from 3 chronically HEV genotype 3-infected patients and 6 immunocompetent patients with acute HEV infection by HEV-PCR. Morphology and genomic characterization of HEV particles from various human compartments were determined by HEV-PCR, density gradient measurement, immune-electron microscopy and genomic sequencing. Results In 2 of the 3 chronically HEV-infected patients, we observed HEV-RNA (genotype 3c) in seminal plasma and semen with viral loads >2 logs higher than in the serum. Genomic sequencing showed significant differences between viral strains in the ejaculate compared to stool. Under ribavirin-treatment, HEV shedding in the ejaculate continued for >9 months following the end of viremia. Density gradient measurement and immune-electron microscopy characterized (enveloped) HEV particles in the ejaculate as intact. Conclusions The male reproductive system was shown to be a niche of HEV persistence in chronic HEV infection. Surprisingly, sequence analysis revealed distinct genetic HEV variants in the stool and serum, originating from the liver, compared to variants in the ejaculate originating from the male reproductive system. Enveloped HEV particles in the ejaculate did not morphologically differ from serum-derived HEV particles. Lay summary Enveloped hepatitis E virus particles could be identified by PCR and electron microscopy in the ejaculate of immunosuppressed chronically infected patients, but not in immunocompetent experimentally infected pigs or in patients with acute self-limiting hepatitis E.
Thomas Horvatits; Jan-Erik Wißmann; Reimar Johne; Martin H. Groschup; Ashish K. Gadicherla; Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch; Martin Eiden; Daniel Todt; Rudolph Reimer; Lisa Dähnert; Anja Schöbel; Karoline Horvatits; Rabea Lübke; Christine Wolschke; Francis Ayuk; Meike Rybczynski; Ansgar W. Lohse; Marylyn M. Addo; Eva Herker; Marc Lütgehetmann; Eike Steinmann; Sven Pischke. Hepatitis E virus persists in the ejaculate of chronically infected men. Journal of Hepatology 2021, 75, 55 -63.
AMA StyleThomas Horvatits, Jan-Erik Wißmann, Reimar Johne, Martin H. Groschup, Ashish K. Gadicherla, Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch, Martin Eiden, Daniel Todt, Rudolph Reimer, Lisa Dähnert, Anja Schöbel, Karoline Horvatits, Rabea Lübke, Christine Wolschke, Francis Ayuk, Meike Rybczynski, Ansgar W. Lohse, Marylyn M. Addo, Eva Herker, Marc Lütgehetmann, Eike Steinmann, Sven Pischke. Hepatitis E virus persists in the ejaculate of chronically infected men. Journal of Hepatology. 2021; 75 (1):55-63.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThomas Horvatits; Jan-Erik Wißmann; Reimar Johne; Martin H. Groschup; Ashish K. Gadicherla; Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch; Martin Eiden; Daniel Todt; Rudolph Reimer; Lisa Dähnert; Anja Schöbel; Karoline Horvatits; Rabea Lübke; Christine Wolschke; Francis Ayuk; Meike Rybczynski; Ansgar W. Lohse; Marylyn M. Addo; Eva Herker; Marc Lütgehetmann; Eike Steinmann; Sven Pischke. 2021. "Hepatitis E virus persists in the ejaculate of chronically infected men." Journal of Hepatology 75, no. 1: 55-63.
Background Usutu virus (USUV) is a rapidly spreading zoonotic arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) and a considerable threat to the global avifauna and in isolated cases to human health. It is maintained in an enzootic cycle involving ornithophilic mosquitoes as vectors and birds as reservoir hosts. Despite massive die-offs in wild bird populations and the detection of severe neurological symptoms in infected humans, little is known about which mosquito species are involved in the propagation of USUV. Methods In the present study, the vector competence of a German (i.e. “Central European”) and a Serbian (i.e. “Southern European”) Culex pipiens biotype molestus laboratory colony was experimentally evaluated. For comparative purposes, Culex torrentium, a frequent species in Northern Europe, and Aedes aegypti, a primarily tropical species, were also tested. Adult female mosquitoes were exposed to bovine blood spiked with USUV Africa 2 and subsequently incubated at 25 °C. After 2 to 3 weeks saliva was collected from each individual mosquito to assess the ability of a mosquito species to transmit USUV. Results Culex pipiens biotype molestus mosquitoes originating from Germany and the Republic of Serbia and Cx. torrentium mosquitoes from Germany proved competent for USUV, as indicated by harboring viable virus in their saliva 21 days post infection. By contrast, Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were relatively refractory to an USUV infection, exhibiting low infection rates and lacking virus in their saliva. Conclusions Consistent with the high prevalences and abundances of Cx. pipiens biotype molestus and Cx. torrentium in Central and Northern Europe, these two species have most likely played a historic role in the spread, maintenance, and introduction of USUV into Germany. Identification of the key USUV vectors enables the establishment and implementation of rigorous entomological surveillance programs and the development of effective, evidence-based vector control interventions.
Cora M. Holicki; Dorothee E. Scheuch; Ute Ziegler; Julia Lettow; Helge Kampen; Doreen Werner; Martin H. Groschup. German Culex pipiens biotype molestus and Culex torrentium are vector-competent for Usutu virus. Parasites & Vectors 2020, 13, 1 -10.
AMA StyleCora M. Holicki, Dorothee E. Scheuch, Ute Ziegler, Julia Lettow, Helge Kampen, Doreen Werner, Martin H. Groschup. German Culex pipiens biotype molestus and Culex torrentium are vector-competent for Usutu virus. Parasites & Vectors. 2020; 13 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCora M. Holicki; Dorothee E. Scheuch; Ute Ziegler; Julia Lettow; Helge Kampen; Doreen Werner; Martin H. Groschup. 2020. "German Culex pipiens biotype molestus and Culex torrentium are vector-competent for Usutu virus." Parasites & Vectors 13, no. 1: 1-10.
Hazara orthonairovirus (HAZV) is a tick-borne arbovirus closely related to Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV). Whereas CCHFV is a biosafety level (BSL) 4 agent, HAZV is classified as BSL 2, as it is not known to cause any disease in humans. Belonging to the same serogroup as CCHFV, HAZV might act as a model which can provide a better understanding of this important zoonosis. Furthermore, the serological relatedness may cause diagnostic problems if antibodies against HAZV interfere with current CCHFV serological assays. Therefore, sheep and cattle—important natural hosts for CCHFV—were experimentally infected with HAZV to prove their susceptibility and evaluate potential antibody cross-reactivities. According to this study, neither sheep nor cattle are susceptible to experimental HAZV infections. Consequently, the HAZV infection in ruminants is clearly distinct from CCHFV infections. Sera of immunized animals weakly cross-reacted between HAZV and CCHFV in immunofluorescence and immunoblot assays, but not in commercial CCHFV ELISAs commonly used for field studies.
Julia Hartlaub; Felicitas Von Arnim; Christine Fast; Maryna Somova; Ali Mirazimi; Martin H. Groschup; Markus Keller. Sheep and Cattle Are Not Susceptible to Experimental Inoculation with Hazara Orthonairovirus, a Tick-Borne Arbovirus Closely Related to CCHFV. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1927 .
AMA StyleJulia Hartlaub, Felicitas Von Arnim, Christine Fast, Maryna Somova, Ali Mirazimi, Martin H. Groschup, Markus Keller. Sheep and Cattle Are Not Susceptible to Experimental Inoculation with Hazara Orthonairovirus, a Tick-Borne Arbovirus Closely Related to CCHFV. Microorganisms. 2020; 8 (12):1927.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulia Hartlaub; Felicitas Von Arnim; Christine Fast; Maryna Somova; Ali Mirazimi; Martin H. Groschup; Markus Keller. 2020. "Sheep and Cattle Are Not Susceptible to Experimental Inoculation with Hazara Orthonairovirus, a Tick-Borne Arbovirus Closely Related to CCHFV." Microorganisms 8, no. 12: 1927.