Following the restoration of natural conditions by reducing human pressures, reforestation is currently considered a possible option to accelerate the recovery of seagrass habitats. Long-term monitoring programs theoretically represent an ideal solution to assess whether a reforestation plan has produced the desired results. Here, we report on the performance of a 20 m² patch of Posidonia oceanica transplanted on dead matte twelve years after transplantation in the Gulf of Palermo, northwestern Sicily. Photo mosaic performed in the area allowed us to detect 23 transplanted patches of both regular and irregular shape, ranging from 0.1 to 2.7 m² and an overall surface close to 19 m². Meadow density was 331.6 ± 17.7 shoot m⁻² (currently five times higher than the initial value of 66 shoots m⁻²), and it did not show statistical differences from a close by natural meadow (331.2 ± 14.9). Total primary production, estimated by lepidochronology, varied from 333.0 to 332.7 g dw m²/year, at the transplanted and natural stand, respectively. These results suggest that complete restoration of P. oceanica on dead matte is possible in a relatively short time (a decade), thus representing a good starting point for upscaling the recovery of the degraded meadows in the area.

The presence of endophytic fungi in the roots, rhizomes, and leaves of Posidonia oceanica was evaluated in different localities of the Sicilian coast. Samples of roots, rhizomes, and leaves were submitted to isolation techniques, and the obtained fungal colonies were identified by morphological and molecular (rRNA sequencing) analysis. Fungal endophytes occurred mainly in roots and occasionally in rhizomes and leaves. Lulwoana sp. was the most frequent of the isolated taxa, suggesting a strong interaction with the host. In addition, eight other fungal taxa were isolated. In particular, fungi of the genus Ochroconis and family Xylariaceae were identified as endophytes in healthy plants at all sampling stations, whereas Penicillium glabrum was isolated at only one sampling station. Thus, several organs, especially roots of Posidonia oceanica, harbor endophytic fungi, potentially involved in supporting the living host as ascertained for terrestrial plants.

Albino Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray “maitake” mushrooms (described as G. albicans Imazeki and then placed in synonymy with G. frondosa) are particularly rare, and the few pertinent records are not treated in scientific publications. A field investigation carried out in Sicily (Italy) led to the collection of an unusual white Grifola specimen at the base of a living tree of Quercus pubescens Willd. s.l. The outcome of sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) indicated that it belongs to G. frondosa and provided an insight to the phylogenetic relationships within the genus. The results of nutritional composition analysis showed that the albino basidioma possesses relatively high contents of Ca, Fe, K, and Cu and is rather low in Na when compared with literature data on edible mushrooms. Vitamin (B₁, B₂, B₃, B₅, B₉, and D₂) contents ranged from 0.15 to 3.89 mg per 100 g of mushroom dry weight. The cold-water extract of this specimen was effective at inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 at the maximum screening concentration of 50% v/v. In addition, the extract slowed down the ability of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 to form biofilms. According to data hereby reported, the albino G. frondosa is a culinary-medicinal mushroom with a promising exploitation potential.

This article presents a comprehensive inventory of the urban vascular flora of the town of Palermo. The data were gathered from extensive field collections, from specimens kept in different herbaria, and publications of the last 30 years. The floristic catalogue includes all the vascular plants that occur spontaneously within the urban area. Thirteen taxa are endemic to Sicily and one of these, Clinopodium raimondoi, is exclusive to Palermo’s area. The inventory comprises 1052 taxa belonging to 119 families and 225 genera, and contains 170 taxa non-native to the Italian flora.

Italy is one of the most important countries in Europe for truffles gathering and trade. The socio-economic potential of truffles has been recently investigated in Sicily, an unexplored region for hypogeous fungi until 1990. This paper provides an updated report on the distribution of truffles in a regional park, located in the inner part of Sicily. Topics covered include the methods of collection of Tuber aestivum and T. borchii, the periods of collection of truffles, the procedure for preservation before marketing, and the percentage of truffle buyers in Sicily. Besides, a map of the investigated area integrating the presence of the truffle with all other ecological elements is provided. There are currently ∼278 truffle gatherers in Sicily, distributed in the different provinces. In the investigated area, it is estimated that average of about 190 kg/year of T. aestivum and T. borchii are collected per truffle gatherer. The truffle market in Sicily is not regulated as in other Italian Administrative regions. The selling price varies from 80 to 200 €/kg, depending on the truffle species. The collection and marketing of truffles is an important source of income. It promotes tourism by encouraging the creation of gastronomic routes of quality products.

A preliminary biological investigation of the dry basidiomata of the strain C-142-c of Pleurotus eryngii has shown a significative antioxidant activity. Two different polysaccharides (PEPS-A1 and PEPS-A2) were isolated from the cultivated edible mushroom, P. eryngii C-142-c strain. Based on acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis and NMR experiments (1H, 13C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HSQC and HMBC) the structures of the repeating unit of PEPS-A1 and PEPS-A2 were established: [→6)--D-Glcp-(1→6)--D-Glcp-(1→]n PEPS-A1 (-Glucan) [→6)--D-Glcp-(1→6)--D-Glcp-(1→]n PEPS-A2 (-Glucan) The antioxidant activity of PEPS-A1 and PEPS-A2 was evaluated as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. PEPS-A1 and PEPS-A2 showed a SC50 of 400 µg/mL and 122 µg/mL, respectively suggesting a possible use as dietary supplement in functional foods. The polysaccharides were tested for their activity on cell viability using a colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29). Both polysaccharides affected cell viability after 48 and 72 h of treatment inducing the death of 50% of HT-29 cells between 0.25 and 1 µg/mL and between 0.5 and 1 µg/mL respectively for PEPS-A1 and PEPS-A2. These results are promising for future applications of these mushrooms derived polysaccharides as antioxidants and antitumor agents.