Objectives: This systematic review was to evaluate the change of oral microbiome based on next‐generation sequencing (NGS)‐metagenomic analysis following periodontal interventions among systematically healthy subjects.Materials and Methods: A structured search strategy consisting of “metagenomics” and “oral diseases” was applied to PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science to identify effective papers. The included studies were original studies published in English, using metagenomic approach to analyze the effectiveness of periodontal intervention on oral microbiome among systematically healthy human subjects with periodontitis.Results: A total of 12 papers were included in this review. Due to the heterogeneity of selected study, quantitative analysis was not performed. The findings as to how alpha diversity changed after interventions were not consistent across studies. Six studies illustrated clear separation of microbial composition between dental plaque samples collected before and after intervention using principal coordinates/component analysis. The most commonly detected genera before intervention were Porphyromonas, Treponema, Tannerella, and Prevotella, while Streptococcus and Actinomyces usually increased and became the dominant genera after intervention. Correlation network analysis revealed that after intervention, the topology of network was different compared to the corresponding pre‐interventional samples.Conclusion: Existing evidence of metagenomic studies depicts a complex change in oral microbiome after periodontal intervention.

Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are considered one of the most suitable materials for restoring tooth cavities due to their unique bioactive properties. However, their inherently low mechanical strength limits their use as long-term or load-bearing restorations. Researchers have explored incorporating hydroxyapatite (HA) into GICs to enhance their strength and durability. This study aimed to review GICs modified by different forms of HA and their performance as a dental restorative material. A structured search strategy using the terms "glass ionomer cement" and "hydroxyapatite" was applied in PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase to identify relevant studies published in English. A data-charting form was developed by two researchers to capture the key characteristics of eligible studies for inclusion. Extracted data covered HA forms, test methods, and main findings. The initial search identified 579 articles, and subsequently, 48 articles were included in the final review. The use of HA to modify GICs showed enhancement in mechanical, chemical, and biological properties, particularly in flexural strength and fluoride release. Compressive strength and diametral tensile strength outcomes were variable and influenced by HA proportion, size, morphology, and storage conditions. HA modification shows promise for reinforcing GICs and improving their bioactivity. However, heterogeneous findings highlight the need for standardized methodologies and clinical trials to validate long-term outcomes. This scoping review provides a valuable overview of HA modified-GICs research. Additionally, it identifies potential research areas that can be investigated further to enhance properties of HA modified-GICs for clinical application.

Background: The prevalence of pneumonia complicating stroke in acute phase has a poor prognosis and higher risk for death. Oral opportunistic pathogens have been reported to be associated with pneumonia among people with compromised health. Oral health promotion is effective in reducing dental plaque among patients with stroke, which is considered as reservoirs for oral opportunistic pathogens. This study evaluates the effectiveness of oral health promotions in reducing the prevalence of pneumonia via its effects on composition and relative abundance of oral opportunistic pathogens.Methods/design: This study is a randomized, single-blind, parallel trial of 6 months duration. The study is being conducted at one of the largest medical teaching hospitals in Hefei, China. A total of 166 patients with stroke and free from any post-stroke complication will be recruited. After enrollment, patients will be randomized to one of the following groups: (1) oral hygiene instruction (OHI) or (2) OHI, 6-month use of powered tooth brushing, and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse (10 ml twice daily). The primary outcome is the prevalence of pneumonia complicating stroke. Patients will be monitored closely for any occurrence of pneumonia over the entire period of this trial. Oral rinse samples will be collected at baseline and multiple follow-up reviews (3, 5, 7 days, and 1, 3, 6 months after baseline). Next-generation sequencing will be employed to detect composition and relative abundances of the microorganism in the oral rinse samples. Questionnaire interviews and clinical oral examinations will be conducted at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months after baseline.Discussion: The findings of this trial will provide evidence whether oral health promotion intervention is effective in reducing the prevalence of pneumonia complicating stroke via its effect on the oral microbiome. The analysis of the outcomes of this trial is empowered by metagenomic analysis at 16S rRNA level, which is more sensitive and comprehensive to help us detect how oral health promotion inventions affect the oral microbiome in terms of its composition, relative abundance, and interactions between species, which all may contribute to the occurrence of pneumonia complicating stroke.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.govNCT04095780. Registered on 19 September 2019

Background:The prevalence of pneumonia complicating stroke in acute phase has a poor prognosis and higher risk for death. Oral opportunistic pathogens have been reported to be associated with pneumonia among people with compromised health. Oral health promotion is effective in reducing dental plaque among patient with stroke, which is considered as reservoirs for oral opportunistic pathogens. This study evaluates the effectiveness of oral health promotions in reducing prevalence of pneumonia via its effects on composition and relative abundance of oral opportunistic pathogens.Methods/Design:This study is a randomized, single-blind, parallel trial of 6 months duration. The study is being conducted at one of the largest medical teaching hospitals in Hefei, China. A total of 166 patients with stroke and free from any post-stroke complication will be recruited. After enrollment, patients will be randomized to one of the groups: (1) oral hygiene instruction (OHI), or (2) OHI, 6-month use of powered toothbrushing, and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse (10 ml twice daily). The primary outcome is the prevalence of pneumonia complicating stroke. Patients will be monitored closely for any occurrence of pneumonia over the entire period of this trial. Oral rinse samples will be collected at baseline and multiple follow-up reviews (3, 5, 7 days, and 1, 3, 6 months after baseline). Next generation sequencing will be employed to detect composition and relative abundances of the microorganism in the oral rinse samples. Questionnaire interviews and clinical oral examinations will be conducted at baseline, and 1, 3, 6 months after baseline.DiscussionThe findings of this trial will provide evidence whether oral health promotion intervention is effective in reducing prevalence of pneumonia complicating stroke via its effect on oral microbiome. The analysis of the outcomes of this trial is empowered by metagenomic analysis at 16 S rRNA level, which is more sensitive and comprehensive to help us detect how oral health promotion inventions affect oral microbiome in terms of its composition, relative abundance, and interactions between species, which all may contribute to the occurrence of pneumonia complicating stroke.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04095780, registered on 09/19/2019