Background: Dulong (Drung people) are one of the ethnic minorities of China, consisting of a small population living in remote and mountainous regions with limited facilities. Over the years, the Dulong have maintained their livelihood by collecting wild medicinal and edible plants. Therefore, through their experience and understanding, they had accumulated sufficient traditional knowledge about local plant resources. Since ancient times, wild edible plants have been essential to the food security of the Dulong people. However, there is almost no comprehensive report available on WEPs consumed by the Dulong people. The objectives of this study were to: (1) make a systematic study of WEPs used by Dulong people, (2) record traditional knowledge related to WEPs, (3) analyze multiple uses of WEPs, and (4) evaluate species with significant cultural significance to Dulong people. Methods: Ethnobotanical survey including free listing, semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews and participatory observations was conducted in Dulongjiang Township, Gongshan County, Yunnan Province, Southwest China. A total of 127 informants were selected using the snowball method and information about WEPs, including vernacular name, food categories, parts used, mode of consumption, collection season, and other local uses were collected. The RFC and CFSI were calculated to identify the most culturally significant WEPs. One-way analysis of variance was performed to evaluate whether the four reference variables (gender, age, occupation, and education) significantly influenced the number of plant species mentioned by the respondents. Results and discussion: A total of 148 species of WEPs consumed by the Dulong people belonging to 58 families were collected, including wild vegetables (71), wild fruits (52), staple food substitutes (15), spices (7), nuts (4), tea substitute (2), liquor making materials (3) oils and fats (3), and culinary coagulants (1). WEPs are used in a number of different ways, including as fuelwood, feed, and medicine. Food substitute plants accounted for the majority of the top 27 wild food plants identified by RFC and CFSI. It was observed that farmers have more knowledge of WEPs, and moderate education level informants reported less WEPs used. Conclusion: The WEPs used by the Dulong people are diverse and abundant in the Dulongjiang region. In the future, WEPs such as Maianthemum atropurpureum, Caryota obtusa, Cardiocrinum giganteum, and Angiopteris esculenta with economic potential can be developed to provide a source of income for the residents. More studies of the nutritional value, chemical composition, and biological activities of WEPs are needed. The demands and development of local communities can be realized under the premise of protecting WEPs and the associated traditional knowledge. More attention should be paid to the value of WEP and underutilized plants during future rural development.

Background: Numerical simulation is a technique that utilizes electronic computers to combine concepts of the discrete element method (DEM), finite element method (FEM), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), etc., and express simulated behaviors utilizing numerical computations and images. Compaction is the main process of tablet manufacturing; most of the current studies have focused on macroscopic compaction and tablet characterization, while the internal stress state and microstructure changes as a result of the compaction process are not well understood. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the flow and compaction behavior of pharmaceutical powders is essential for the analysis and control of the compaction process. Methods: Current research shows that compaction is shifting from macroscopic behavior toward internal microscopic behavior using numerical simulation technology. Results: This review focuses on the application of various numerical simulation technologies during compaction and the contact model, or the constitutive equation commonly used in numerical simulation. In addition, the difficulties of numerical simulation technology in calibrating powder parameters and the limitations of the current research are also discussed. Conclusions: Numerical simulation research in medicine and other fields will continue to flourish as numerical simulation technology advances, attracting more and more researchers using it effectively.

Chronic non-healing wounds are a significant global health challenge, particularly for individuals with diabetes, requiring advanced therapeutic strategies. This study focuses on the development and assessment of phosphate-responsive hydrogel designed for the release of nanosilver and umbilical cord blood exosomes (UCB-exos), to promote wound closure in diabetics, as well as tissue regeneration. The findings indicate that UCB-exos effectively promotes skin fibroblast proliferation and migration and maintains endothelial angiogenic activity in hyperglycemic conditions. By modulating the cell cycle signaling pathway, UCB-exos improve the biological functions of endothelial cells in a hyperglycemic environment. Exosomes were incorporated into a nanosilver hydrogel to evaluate their potential for promoting diabetic wound healing in vivo. The hydrogel not only promoted collagen deposition and angiogenesis but also demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity, thereby expediting the wound healing process. This study illustrates that the phosphate-responsive nanocomposite hydrogel, incorporating UCB-exos and nanosilver, effectively enhances the healing of diabetic and infectious wounds. It has therapeutic potential in treating diabetic wounds and highlights the promising application of such composite hydrogels for managing chronic, non-healing diabetic wounds.