Corrosion is a phenomenon that significantly impacts the durability of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, particularly in highly corrosive environments like coastal regions. The existing numerical modelling often relies on complex approaches that are impractical for structural assessment. For this reason, this study proposes a simplified numerical modelling approach to simulate the cyclic behaviour of existing RC framed structures with corrosion levels (η) below 25%. The proposed modelling employs concentrated plasticity hinges for beams and fiber sections for columns, incorporating corrosion-induced degradation through modified backbone curves and material properties based on the corrosion level of the structural element. The modelling approach was validated against experimental results from the literature; the proposed model adequately captures hysteretic energy, lateral load, and deformation capacities, with maximum errors of 11% for maximum lateral load, 12% for ultimate load, and 33% for dissipated energy in RC frames. For isolated columns, the errors were 11, 12, and 22%, respectively. In addition, a maximum difference of 7% was found in the lateral load capacity of the corroded frames associated with the Life Safety limit state. Finally, it was concluded that the proposed methodology is suitable for representing the cyclic behaviour of corroded RC columns and frames and provides engineers with a tool to evaluate the behaviour of corroded structures without resorting to complex models.

Se realizó un estudio de la legislación en materia de residuos sólidos para cinco países de Latinoamérica: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, México y Uruguay. El propósito fue analizar y comparar la legislación emitida en cada uno. Como antecedente se puede señalar que la región de Latinoamérica presenta graves problemas en el manejo y disposición de sus residuos, cerca del 50% se disponen de manera inadecuada y la mayoría de sus ciudades continúan con la práctica de recolección sin clasificación y/o separación de los desechos desde el origen. Lo anterior trae como consecuencia impactos negativos al ambientales y la salud de la población. Se investigó en las páginas oficiales de los gobiernos la legislación que han emitido sobre el tema, además de consultar artículos, informes, tesis y otros documentos. El objetivo central fueron los residuos sólidos urbanos (RSU), también llamados municipales, pero se consideró necesario incluir información sobre los peligrosos, los de manejo especial y otras categorías contempladas en los cinco países. Los resultados muestran que, en materia de cobertura de recolección de residuos, cuatro países poseen porcentajes altos: Argentina 99.8%; Brasil 92%; Chile 96%; y Uruguay 100%. Por otra parte, se encontró que Argentina posee inequidades geográficas en materia de recolección en algunas regiones, algo similar sucede en Chile. Con respecto a los porcentajes de residuos sólidos llevados a sitios de disposición final, México encabeza la lista con un 85.7%, seguido por Chile con 76.4% y Argentina con 64.7%. Después del análisis se puede afirmar que los cinco países poseen ordenamientos suficientes en materia de residuos sólidos, especialmente para peligrosos. Para el caso de los RSU, Chile es el país que cuenta con más leyes y normas, a diferencia de Argentina, que no ha emitido reglamentos ni normas para este tipo de residuos.

This paper presents a dataset developed to characterize the citizens’ perceptions of urban resilience applied to the Veracruz—Boca del Río Metropolitan Area (VBMA) in Mexico. The data were obtained by conducting online surveys, which were administered to a total of 147 subjects, including 89 from the municipality of Veracruz, 35 from Boca del Río, 15 from Medellín de Bravo, and 8 from Alvarado, with ages ranging from 16 years to over 61 years. The survey was designed to estimate the population’s perception of the Urban Resilience Index (URI) and the Urban Resilience Profile (URP). It was developed derived from a methodology based on IMPLAN and enriched with questionnaires from Villada and SEDATU, resulting in a final questionnaire comprising 10 axes, 33 indicators, and 156 variables. A novel contribution was implemented as a significant study case, which uses the dataset to estimate the URI and URP to the VBMA applying the Entropy Method, considering three criteria: age, gender, and municipality. Here, citizens’ perceptions about urban resilience have been estimated in an URI equal to 0.4571, resulting in a moderate level of resilience. Moreover, this perception could be improved by conducting a full-scale survey with substantial financial investment.

As a result of a documentary investigation, the solid waste inventory of the Mezquital Valley (VM) region was generated, which is in Hidalgo State in Mexico, and it is integrated by 28 municipalities. The main purpose was to identify the sources of waste that produce Urban Solid Waste (MSW), Special Management Waste (SHW) and Hazardous Waste (HW). For this purpose, several research articles and waste inventories developed for several cities and countries were reviewed and studied because some of them show generation indexes for each source and in some cases for each person. These indexes were applied to calculate waste for each source and sector of municipalities. The sources of reviewed documents include some government offices such as Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Geografia (INEGI), Secretaria de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural (SADER) and the Servicio de Informacion Agroalimentaria y Pesquera (SIAP). Collected data were grouped by municipalities according to source type and waste type, which were used for representing environmental problems of Hidalgo state by hierarchy. Total solid waste generated in MV region is 5,041,445 t/year, with 92% are SHW, 7.63% are MSW and only 0.37% is for HW. A comparison of total solid waste generated in Mexico show that MV region contributes with only 1%, even when this region is one of the biggest in Hidalgo with 30% of the total population of the state. According to INEGI, in Mexico, 92% of final disposal sites are inappropriate and only 8% are landfills with appropriate disposal. For MV region, the final waste disposal is inappropriate because only 18% of its 28 municipalities deliver their waste into landfills.

The data presented here are the result of microtremor measurements at 44 points in three different soil types classified according to their fundamental vibration frequencies, on the metropolitan area of Veracruz-Boca del Río, Mexico. These Data are raw and was obtained using a GÜRALP 6TD model broadband orthogonal triaxial seismometer with an integrated 24-bit digitizer with a minimum recording time of 30 min and a recording rate of 100 samples per second (sps). The microtremor records were used to construct the H/V spectral ratios using the method of Nakamura. These H/V spectral ratios are a good approximation of the transfer function between the vibration waves in the sediment and the rigid stratum. Therefore, they can be used to construct seismic microzonation maps, seismic intensity maps and spectra for designing seismic resistant structures. One-dimensional stratigraphic soil models were obtained by processing the H/V spectral ratios. The relevant data from these models are layer thickness, primary wave velocities (Vp), secondary wave velocities (Vs) and density. These models represent a mathematical approximation of the soil structure that can be used to dynamically classify it according to Mexican technical codes.