Weight resistance training (RT) is an essential component of physical conditioning programs to improve the quality of life and physical fitness in different ages and populations. This integrative review aimed to analyze the scientific evidence on the relationship between exercise selection and the appearance of musculoskeletal injuries in physical fitness centers (PFC). The PubMed or Medline, EMBASE or Science Direct, Google Scholar and PEDro databases were selected to examine the available literature using a Boolean algorithm with search terms. The review process was performed using the five-stage approach for an integrative review and it was reported according to the PRISMA in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sport Medicine and Sports Science (PERSiST) guidelines. A total of 39 peer-reviewed articles (Price index = 71.7%) met the inclusion criteria and evaluated the link between exercise selection and the incidence of injuries in exercisers who regularly attend PFC. Most injuries occur to the shoulders, elbows, vertebrae of the spine, and knees. Although the injury etiologies are multifactorial, the findings of the reviewed articles include the impacts of overuse, short post-exercise recovery periods, poor conditioning in the exercised body areas, frequent use of heavy loads, improper technique in certain exercises, and the abuse of performance- and image-enhancing drugs. Practical recommendations addressed to clinical exercise physiologists, exercise professionals, and health professionals are given in this paper. The exercise selection in RT programs requires professional supervision and adhering to proper lifting techniques and training habits that consider the anatomical and biomechanical patterns of the musculoskeletal structures, as well as genetic, pedagogical, and methodological aspects directly related to the stimulus–response process to mitigate the occurrence of RT-related injuries in PFC.

Vegetable crops are exposed to constant infection by numerous diseases, including those caused by the oomycete Phytophthora capsici. This microorganism is a polyphagous plant pathogen, capable of infecting dozens of plant species, including cultivated plants and weeds. The aim of this review is to address topics related to etiology and symptoms of the diseases caused by this oomycete (leaf blight, root rot, crown rot and fruit rot), as well as the integration and application of different control alternatives, such as genetics, cultural, physical, biological, and chemical. Crops such as sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), chili pepper (Capsicum spp.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), eggplant (S. melongena), cucurbits (Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita spp.), among others, are subject to considerable economic losses induced by this pathogen. High soil humidity, high temperatures, resistance structures of the pathogen (oospores), scarce availability of resistant cultivars and a reduced range of effective fungicides are conditions that difficult the management of diseases caused by P. capsici in the field. Despite the irrefutable importance of this pathogen, the existing information regarding its integrated management is limited. Therefore, a successful management will depend to a great extent on its knowledge and its control. Thus, the joint application of different control strategies seeks to maintain the pathogen at low population levels and also keeping the epidemics under the threshold of economic loss. At the end, an integrated pest management approach for P. capsici could result in higher economic returns, long-term sustainable harvests, reduction of the environment impact and better quality products for consumers.

Non-exercise physical activity (NEPA), also called unstructured or informal physical activity, refers to those daily activities that require movement of the human body without planning or strict control of the physical effort made. Due to new technologies and motorized transportation devices, the general population has significantly decreased its NEPA. This increase in sedentary lifestyles, physical inactivity, and excessive energy intake is considered a risk factor for obesity, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and all-cause mortality. Searching in PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science databases, a narrative review of NEPA was carried out to address its conceptualization, promotion strategies for the general population, and monitoring through wearable devices. It is strongly recommended that governmental entities, health practitioners, and the construction industry adhere to “The Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018–2030: More Active People for a Healthier World” and implement different salutogenic urban strategies. These strategies aim to generate environments that motivate increases in NEPA, such as cycling and walking transportation (between 5000–12,500 steps per day), and the progression to physical exercise. There is a wide variety of electronic devices for personal use, such as accelerometers, smartphone apps, or “smart clothes”, that allow for the monitoring of NEPA, some with a wide range of analysis variables contributing to the estimation of total daily energy expenditure and the promotion of healthy habits. In general, the further promotion and monitoring of NEPA is required as part of a strategy to promote healthy habits sustainable over time for the prevention and control of obesity and NCDs.

El confinamiento por la COVID-19 ha ocasionado diversos cambios sociales, pero se desconoce su impacto en el autoconcepto físico. El presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo analizar la percepción del autoconcepto físico en estudiantes universitarios en tiempos de confinamiento por COVID-19. Se aplicó el cuestionario de autoconcepto físico Physical Self Questionnaire a estudiantes universitarios. Para la selección de la muestra se utilizó el procedimiento de muestreo aleatorio estratificado con un nivel de confianza al 99% y un margen de error al 5%, para un total de 499 universitarios de Bogotá, Colombia. El instrumento obtuvo valores aceptables de alfa de Cronbach a nivel general (.943) y por dimensiones. En la percepción del autoconcepto físico a nivel general y por dimensiones los hombres obtuvieron mejores puntuaciones que las mujeres. A su vez, los estudiantes de estratos socioeconómicos más altos presentan menores puntuaciones que los de estratos más bajos. Respecto a la edad, aquellos universitarios de mayor edad presentan menores puntuaciones en autoestima, fuerza muscular, condición física y competencia percibida. Es importante dentro de las universidades la implementación de programas de intervención dirigidas a la promoción de la salud mental relacionadas con el autoconcepto físico, la imagen corporal, la autoestima, además de otros aspectos de la salud mental y física que pueden estar siendo afectados por el confinamiento COVID-19. Confinement by COVID-19 has led to various social changes, but its impact on physical self-concept is unknown. The purpose of this work was to analyze the perception of physical self-concept in university students in times of confinement due to Covid-19. The Physical Self Questionnaire was applied to university students. For the selection of the sample the stratified random sampling procedure, for a total of 499 university students from Bogotá, Colombia. The instrument obtained acceptable Cronbach's alpha values at the general level (.943) and by dimensions. In the perception of physical self-concept at a general level and by dimensions, men obtained better scores than women. In turn, students from higher socioeconomic strata have lower scores than those from lower strata. Regarding age, older university students present lower scores in self-esteem, muscular strength, physical condition and perceived competition. The implementation of intervention programs aimed at promoting mental health related to physical self-concept, body image, self-esteem, in addition to other aspects of mental and physical health that may be affected by the COVID-19 confinement is important within universities. O confinamento pela COVID-19 resultou em uma série de mudanças sociais, mas seu impacto sobre o autoconceito físico é desconhecido. O objetivo da investigação foi analisar a percepção do autoconceito físico em estudantes universitários em tempos de confinamento causado pelo COVID – 19. Foi aplicado o questionário de autoconceito físico Physical Self Questionnaire em estudantes universitários maiores de idade. Para a seleção da amostra foi utilizado o procedimento de amostragem aleatória estratificada, para um total de 499 estudantes universitários de Bogotá, Colômbia. O instrumento obteve valores aceitáveis de alfa de Cronbach a nível geral (.943) e por dimensões. Na percepção do autoconceito físico ao nível geral e pelas dimensões, os homens obtiveram melhores pontuações do que as mulheres. Por sua vez, os alunos de níveis socioeconômicos mais altos apresentaram pontuação menor do que os alunos de níveis mais baixos. Em relação à idade, os universitários mais velhos apresentam scores mais baixos em autoestima, forca muscular, condição física e percepção de competição. É essencial que nas universidades ocorra a implementação de programas de intervenção dirigidas a promoção da saúde mental relacionada ao autoconceito físico, imagem corporal, autoestima, além de outros aspectos da saúde mental e física que possam ser afetados por Confinamento COVID-19.

Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron i) analizar y comparar el autoconcepto físico en estudiantes universitarios considerando posibles diferencias entre sexos y asociaciones con el estrato socioeconómico y la edad, y ii) generar perfiles de los estudiantes utilizando algoritmos de aprendizaje automático no supervisado. Un total de 230 estudiantes colombianos entre los 18 y 38 años pertenecientes a programas académicos de Educación Física (n = 118) y Psicología (n = 112) participaron en este estudio transversal. Se aplicó el cuestionario de autoconcepto físico (PSQ). Se hallaron diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres. No se encontraron diferencias en el autoconcepto físico entre los hombres de los programas académicos; sin embargo, los valores de las mujeres fueron significativamente diferentes entre los dos programas (p< .05). Se evidenció una asociación inversa baja entre el autoconcepto físico y el estrato socioeconómico y la edad. Luego del análisis de agrupación jerárquica sobre componentes principales, se identificaron dos perfiles estadísticamente diferentes con tamaño del efecto grande para el autoconcepto físico y todos sus dominios (Perfil 1 [n = 138] versus Perfil 2 [n = 92]; p< .05; η2< .45). Aunque el autoconcepto físico contribuyó en mayor medida al componente principal, con valores mayores para el perfil 2, el ≈73% de las mujeres (n = 101) se agruparon en el perfil 1 y hubo una mayor cantidad de estudiantes de Psicología (85/112) que de Educación Física (27/118) en el perfil 2. Los resultados muestran comportamientos diferentes del autoconcepto físico entre hombres y mujeres de los dos programas académicos. Los perfiles generados podrían ayudar a universidades, orientadores y profesores a planear intervenciones dentro de las instituciones para favorecer el desarrollo del autoconcepto físico a la vez que se evalúan otras asociaciones potenciales. Palabras clave: Autoconcepto físico, universitarios, educación física, psicología, aprendizaje automático no supervisado The aims of this study were i) to analyze and compare the physical self-concept in university students considering possible differences between sexes and associations with socioeconomic status and age, and ii) to generate student profiles using unsupervised machine learning algorithms. A total of 230 Colombian students between 18 and 38 years of age from the Physical Education (n = 118) and Psychology (n = 112) majors participated in this cross-sectional study. The physical self-concept questionnaire (PSQ) was applied. Significant differences were found between men and women. No differences were found in physical self-concept among men in the academic programs; however, women's values were significantly different between the two programs (p< .05). A low inverse association was evident between physical self-concept and socioeconomic stratum and age. Following hierarchical clustering analysis on principal components, two statistically different profiles with large effect sizes were identified (Profile 1 [n = 138] versus Profile 2 [n = 92]; p< .05; η2< .45). Although physical self-concept contributed most to the principal component, with higher values for profile 2, ≈73% of females (n = 101) were clustered in profile 1 and there were a greater number of Psychology (85/112) than Physical Education (27/118) students in profile 2. The results show different behaviors of physical self-concept between men and women in the two academic programs, so the profiles generated could help universities, counselors and professors to plan interventions within the institutions to favor its development while evaluating other potential associations. Keywords: Physical self-concept, college students, physical education, psychology, unsupervised machine learning

La potenciación post-activación (PPA) ha demostrado ser una estrategia efectiva para incrementar el rendimiento de actividades de fuerza explosiva posteriores. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue revisar la literatura científica para conocer la metodología más efectiva en la obtención de PPA en el salto vertical. Se llevó a cabo una revisión en Medline, Scielo y SportDiscus hasta el 30 de Junio de 2018. Fueron mantenidas las directrices para el diseño de revisiones establecidas por PRISMA. La revisión localizó 37 estudios (n=659). La investigación disponible sugiere que la PPA puede obtenerse aplicando diferentes metodologías, siempre y cuando se respeten las dosis adecuadas de los parámetros: a) tipo de ejercicio y medio utilizado; b) intensidad y volumen del esfuerzo; c) descanso post-esfuerzo. La adecuada manipulación de estas variables permitirá incrementar el rendimiento explosivo en sujetos entrenados. No obstante, futuras investigaciones son necesarias para establecer una metodología que permita obtener PPA en menor tiempo y con mayor duración de sus efectos. Summary: Post-activation potentiation (PPA) has been demonstrated to be effective to increase performance subsequent activities on explosive force. The aim of this study was to review the scientific literature to determine the most effective methodology to obtain PPA in vertical jump. We conducted a review in Medline, Scielo, SportDiscus and Google Scholar up to June 30, 2018. The design guidelines were obtained from PRISMA for reviews. The review of works pinpointed 37 studies (n = 659). The available research suggests that PPA can be obtained by applying different methodologies, as long as the appropriate doses of the parameters are respected: a) type of exercise and tools used; b) intensity and volume of effort; c) rest post effort. Proper design of these variables will increase the explosive performance in trained subjects. However, further research is needed to establish a methodology to achieve PPA in less time and with greater duration of its effects.