Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations is the main driver of global warming due to fossil fuel combustion. Satellite observations provide continuous global CO₂ retrieval products, that reveal the nonuniform distributions of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. However, climate simulation studies are almost based on a globally uniform mean or latitudinally resolved CO₂ concentrations assumption. In this study, we reconstructed the historical global monthly distributions of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations with 1° resolution from 1850 to 2013 which are based on the historical monthly and latitudinally resolved CO₂ concentrations accounting longitudinal features retrieved from fossil-fuel CO₂ emissions from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. And the spatial distributions of nonuniform CO₂ under Shared Socio-economic Pathways and Representative Concentration Pathways scenarios were generated based on the spatial, seasonal and interannual scales of the current CO₂ concentrations from 2015 to 2150. Including the heterogenous CO₂ distributions could enhance the realism of global climate modeling, to better anticipate the potential socio-economic implications, adaptation practices, and mitigation of climate change.