Training above 1800 m causes increases in hemoglobin, erythropoietin and VO2max values in the bodies of athletes. The purpose of this study is to prove that living at an altitude of 1850 m and training at 2200 m (LHTH+) is more effective than living and training at 2000 m (LHTH). Ten endurance athletes (age 21.2 ± 1.5 years, body mass 55.8 ± 4.3 kg, height 169 ± 6 cm, performance 3000 m 8:35 ± 0:30 min) performed three training sessions of 30 days, in three different situations: [1] living and training at 2000 m altitude (LHTH), [2] living at 1850 m and training at 2200 m (LHTH+), and [3] living and training at 300 m (LLTL). The differences in erythropoietin (EPO), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and VO2max values were compared before and at the end of each training session. Data analysis indicated that LHTH training caused an increase in EPO values (by 1.0 ± 0.8 mU/mL, p = 0.002 < 0.05.); Hb (by 1.1 ± 0.3 g/dL, p < 0.001); VO2max (by 0.9 ± 0.23 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001). LHTH+ training caused an increase in EPO values (by 1.9 ± 0.5 mU/ML, p < 0.001); Hb (by 1.4 ± 0.5 g/dL, p < 0.001); VO2max (by 1.7 ± 0.3 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001). At the LLTL training, EPO values do not have a significant increase (p = 0.678 > 0.050; 1 ± 0.1 mU/mL, 0.1 ± 0.9%.), Hb (0.1 ± 0.0 g/dL, 0.3 ± 0.3%), VO2max (0.1 ± 0.1, 0.2 ± 0.2%, p = 0.013 < 0.05). Living and training at altitudes of 2000 m (LHTH) and living at 1850 m training at 2200 m (LHTH+) resulted in significant improvements in EPO, Hb, and VO2max that exceeded the changes in these parameters, following traditional training at 300 m (LLTL). LHTH+ training has significantly greater changes than LHTH training, favorable to increasing sports performance. The results of this study can serve as guidelines for athletic trainers in their future work, in the complete structure of multi-year planning and programming, and thus improve the process of development and performance training.

Introduction: All sports bring health benefits when practiced correctly, but swimming has, without a doubt, some special features that no other aerobic exercises have, due to the special conditions the aquatic environment requires: the position of the body, the stresses imposed on the body necessary for movement in water (floating, immersion etc.). Objectives: Through this study we want to analyze the specialized literature regarding the influence of swimming on body posture and at the same time we wish to observe the effectiveness of posture-correction interventions used and which of them had the best results. Material and method: The present study analyzed articles from the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and ResearchGate published between 2013 and 2022. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 articles were selected for analysis. Results: According to selected studies, it was observed that swimming exercises have multiple beneficial effects on the human body, especially in people suffering from various diseases of the lumbar spine. but there are also specialist studies that underline the possible harmful effects on posture. Conclusions: Although many studies have confirmed the positive effects of swimming on postural deficiencies due to the peculiarities of the aquatic environment, more and more studies have recently emerged that contradict them. According to the latter, it is recommended that swimming should be combined with physiotherapy, therapeutic massage and/or hydrokinetic therapy in order to achieve the desired effects in the treatment of postural deficiencies. REZUMAT. Introducere: Toate sporturile aduc beneficii pentru sănătate atunci când sunt practicate corect, dar înotul are, fără îndoială, câteva particularități pe care nu le au alte exerciții aerobice, datorită condițiilor speciale pe care le impune mediul acvatic: poziția corpului, solicitările impuse corpului necesare mișcării în apă (plutire, imersiune etc.). Obiective: Prin acest studiu dorim să analizăm literatura de specialitate în ceea ce privește influența înotului asupra posturii corporale și, în același timp, să observăm eficiența diferitelor intervenții utilizate pentru corectarea posturii. Material și metodă: Au fost analizate articole din următoarele baze de date: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar și ResearchGate publicate între anii 2013 și2022. În urma aplicării criteriilor de includere și excludere, au fost selectate pentru analiză 18 articole. Rezultate: Conform studiilor selectate, s-a observat că exercițiile de înot au multiple efecte benefice asupra organismului uman, în special la persoanele care suferă de diverse afecțiuni ale coloanei lombare. dar există și studii de specialitate care subliniază posibilele efecte nocive asupra posturii. Concluzii: Deși multe studii au confirmat efectele pozitive ale înotului asupra deficiențelor de postură datorită particularităților mediului acvatic, au apărut, recent, din ce în ce mai multe studii care le contrazic. Conform acestora din urmă, se recomandă ca, pentru a avea efectele dorite în tratamentul deficiențelor posturale, înotul să fie asociat cu kinetoterapia, masajul terapeutic și/sau hidrokinetoterapia. Cuvinte cheie: înot, coloană vertebrală, postură, copii, deficiențe fizice, scolioză, cifoză, plan frontal, plan sagital Received 2022 November 14; Revised 2023 March 24; Accepted 2023 March 27; Available online 2023 May 30; Available print 2023 June 30.

One of the most robust findings on expert performance is that elite performers in team sports roughly devote thousands of hours and several years of deliberate practice to attain their skill level. As a result, they develop sophisticated, task-specific knowledge structures enabling them to deal with situations more effectively and efficiently than less elite counterparts. Sports officials, however, do not usually practice their technical, tactical, and physical skills on a weekly basis in the same way as players do. The competition represents a learning event, while it should be a performance context. Put differently, the stage to perform occurs at the same time as the optimal moment for training role-specific skills (“learning on the job”), and experience is built on the repetition of actual performances. In this chapter, we discuss how this practice-poor culture can be changed. First the specificity of the decision-making process in sports officials is discussed. Then a case study is presented on offside decision-making and the underlying mechanisms that make it so difficult. Finally, a timeline of innovations is presented for the integration of perception, decision-making, and communication into the physical training sessions and the overall instructions given to sports officials. <!----> <!----> <!----> <!---->

Over time, the sport team's game philosophy has evolved according to the new requirements of the game. In the overall evolution of the game and its elements, in the course of the permanent changes of orientation and accent, the physical training was an element of progress for the other factors of the training. Physical training sums up strength, speed, skill and mobility. REZUMAT. Evaluarea îndemânării în jocul de fotbal prin teste specifice la jucătorii în vârstă de 10-12 ani – studiu de caz. Concepția de joc a echipelor evoluat de-a lungul timpului în funcție de noile cerințe ale jocului. În ansamblul evoluției factorilor de joc, a jocului însuși, în cadrul permanentelor schimbări de orientare și accent, pregătirea fizică a reprezentat un element de progres pentru ceilalți factori ai antrenamentului. Un element de structură foarte important al pregătirii fizice este reprezentat de calitățile motrice: forța, viteza, rezistența, îndemânarea și mobilitatea. Cuvinte-cheie: mijloace, metode, îndemânare, abilități, tehnică.

Limited research has explored the impact of balance training on young alpine skiers, despite its recognized importance in the sport. This study evaluated the effects of a 10-week dry-land balance training program on the balance and skiing technique of skiers aged 9–11 years. The program employed five training modalities: neuromuscular, plyometric, core stability, proprioceptive, and equipment-based balance training. Thirty participants were divided into experimental and control groups based on their initial SKI IQ scores. The assessments included static balance (BTS P-Walk), explosive power (BTS G-Walk), and on-snow metrics (SKI IQ; balance, pressure, and edging) using CARV technology. The statistical analysis revealed significant improvements in the experimental group for the SKI IQ (F = 13.239; p = 0.001; η² = 0.321) in terms of the balance metric (F = 4.800; p = 0.037) and pressure metric (F = 8.084; p = 0.008), and for the static balance parameters, such as mediolateral stability in a two-legged stance (F = 4.304; p = 0.047; η² = 0.133) and anteroposterior stability in eyes-closed conditions (F = 14.249; p = 0.001; η² = 0.337). The single-leg stance stability and explosive force (F = 6.08; p = 0.02) also showed marked enhancements. The edging performance, however, showed no significant change. This study underscores the value of balance training for enhancing young skiers’ performance metrics and highlights wearable technology as an effective tool for real-time feedback. Integrating balance-focused programs into alpine skiing preparation can boost performance.

From a theoretical standpoint, the innovative aspects of the current paper stem from applying a new psychological approach in the training of football players. The psychologically-enhanced training leads to a dramatic increase in the players’ performance. Our scientific initiative focuses on new elements which optimize the training of football players in order for them to achieve their full potential. Current theoretical research claims that introducing therapy elements in football training mitigates the effect of dysfunctional emotions and increases the effect of functional emotions, ultimately leading to a proportional increase in the performance of football players aged 7 – 10. REZUMAT. Impactul factorului psihologic de emoție în creșterea performanței sportive la jucătorii de fotbal. Importanța teoretică a lucrării constă în faptul că pune în evidență o nouă orientare a procesului de pregătire prin implementarea programului de pregătire psihologică, care contribuie în mod semnificativ la creșterea performanțelor sportive a jucătorilor de fotbal. Demersul științific aduce o serie de elemente de noutate și originalitate în ceea ce privește programul de pregătire psihologică pentru optimizarea pregătirii jucătorilor de fotbal în vederea valorificării la maximum potențialul jucătorilor. Conform cercetărilor teoretice deja existente în literatura de specialitate s-a plecat de la faptul că introducerea unei intervenții terapeutice în cadrul antrenamentul de fotbal cu diminuarea emoțiilor disfuncționale în favoarea dezvoltării unui nivel mai crescut de emoții funcționale va avea ca și consecință creșterea performanței sportive în jocul de fotbal la grupele de 7-10 ani. Cuvinte cheie: fotbal, emoții, performanță sportivă.