Software Defined Networking (SDN) brings about innovation, simplicity in network management and configuration in network computing. Traditional networks often lack the flexibility to bring into effect instant changes because of the rigidity of the network and also the over dependency on proprietary services. SDN decouples the control plane from the data plane, thus moving the control logic from the node to a central controller. A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a great platform for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPAN) with little resources and short communication ranges. However, as the scale of WSN expands it faces several challenges, such as network management and heterogeneous-node networks. The SDN approach to WSNs seeks to alleviate most of the challenges and ultimately foster efficiency and sustainability in WSNs. In this research paper, a protocol is designed in order to communicate inter and intra plane of data and control besides Openflow and ForCes protocol. Moreover, performance of the proposed protocol is compared with the existing protocols in terms of residual energy, delay and lifetime of the sensor nodes.

Noncompressible torso hemorrhage (NCTH) is a leading cause of preventable trauma-related mortality. In cases when conventional external compression is ineffective for hemorrhage control, resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) has been developed as an endovascular approach for temporary proximal aortic occlusion, enabling partial or complete control of bleeding. Successful REBOA deployment depends on timely and accurate common femoral artery (CFA) access; delays or repeated failed access attempts are associated with increased mortality. This systematic review aimed to identify the safest, fastest, and most effective CFA access technique for REBOA procedures in patients with NCTH. A systematic literature search was conducted across four major databases in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using the key concepts: ultrasound, REBOA, NCTH, and CFA. Studies meeting predefined PICOS (population, intervention, comparator [or context], outcomes, and study design) criteria were included, and 22 studies were analyzed to compare CFA access techniques. Ultrasound-guided CFA access consistently demonstrated superior performance compared with blind percutaneous and fluoroscopic techniques, showing improved speed, safety, and procedural feasibility, particularly in emergency, prehospital, and resource-limited settings. Across the 22 included studies, ultrasound-guided CFA access improved first-pass success compared with landmark techniques (55% first-pass success for landmark access). Landmark access required multiple attempts in 45% of cases. Ultrasound guidance reduced time to access by 1-6 min and up to 5-8 min in optimized workflows. Overall vascular complication rates were approximately 7%. Complication rates decreased from 9.2% to 5.5% with ultrasound guidance. The majority of contemporary studies used 7 Fr sheaths, which were associated with fewer access-related complications. Ultrasound-guided CFA access represents the most efficient and reliable approach for REBOA deployment in patients with NCTH. Broader adoption of this technique may facilitate more rapid intervention and improve outcomes in trauma care.

Delhi was one of India's COVID-19 hotspots, with significant death rates during the year 2021. This study looked at the link between COVID-19 cases in Delhi, and key meteorological variables. The study found that COVID-19 cases during the second wave (P2-March- May 2021) were much higher than during the first wave (P1-Jan-Feb 2021) in Delhi. During P1 (Jan-Feb 2021) the mean PM_2.5, PM_10, NO₂ and CO concentrations were greater than that of P2 (March-May 2021) while the reverse happened for SO₂ and O₃. Spearman correlation test indicated that COVID-19 cases maintained a significant positive correlation with the high temperature of P2 (March-May 2021) and high humidity of P1 (Jan-Feb 2021) in line with the accepted notion that COVID-19 transmitted favourably in hot and humid climates. The Multilayer perceptron (MLP) model indicated that COVID-19 spread was supported by air pollutants and climate variables like PM_2.5, NO₂, RH, and WS in P1(Jan-Feb 2021) and PM_2.5 and O₃ in P2 (March-May 2021). Owing to chemical coupling, across all six monitoring stations, O₃ maintained an inverse relationship with NO₂ throughout the COVID-19 phases in Delhi. The city dwellers had health risks also due to PM pollution at varying degrees, indicated by high hazard quotients (HQs), requiring lowering of air pollution concentrations on an urgent basis.