Microalgae are a group of autotrophic microorganisms that live in marine, freshwater and soil ecosystems and produce organic substances in the process of photosynthesis. Due to their high metabolic flexibility, adaptation to various cultivation conditions as well as the possibility of rapid growth, the number of studies on their use as a source of biologically valuable products is growing rapidly. Currently, integrated technologies for the cultivation of microalgae aiming to isolate various biologically active substances from biomass to increase the profitability of algae production are being sought. To implement this kind of development, the high productivity of industrial cultivation systems must be accompanied by the ability to control the biosynthesis of biologically valuable compounds in conditions of intensive culture growth. The review considers the main factors (temperature, pH, component composition, etc.) that affect the biomass growth process and the biologically active substance synthesis in microalgae. The advantages and disadvantages of existing cultivation methods are outlined. An analysis of various methods for the isolation and overproduction of the main biologically active substances of microalgae (proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, pigments and vitamins) is presented and new technologies and approaches aimed at using microalgae as promising ingredients in value-added products are considered.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus is a common complex disease that currently affects more than 400 million people worldwide and has become a global health problem. High-throughput sequencing technologies such as whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing approaches have provided numerous new insights into the molecular bases of T2D. Recent advances in the application of sequencing technologies to T2D research include, but are not limited to: (1) Fine mapping of causal rare and common genetic variants; (2) Identification of confident gene-level associations; (3) Identification of novel candidate genes by specific scoring approaches; (4) Interrogation of disease-relevant genes and pathways by transcriptional profiling and epigenome mapping techniques; and (5) Investigation of microbial community alterations in patients with T2D. In this work we review these advances in application of next-generation sequencing methods for elucidation of T2D pathogenesis, as well as progress and challenges in implementation of this new knowledge about T2D genetics in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the disease.

Methods for purifying, detecting, and characterizing protein concentrate, carbohydrates, lipids, and neutral fats from the microalgae were developed as a result of research. Microalgae were collected from natural sources (water, sand, soil of the Kaliningrad region, Russia). Microalgae were identified based on morphology and polymerase chain reaction as Chlorella vulgaris Beijer, Arthrospira platensis Gomont, Arthrospira platensis (Nordst.) Geitl., and Dunaliella salina Teod. The protein content in all microalgae samples was determined using a spectrophotometer. The extracts were dried by spray freeze drying. Pressure acid hydrolysis with 1% sulfuric acid was determined to be the most effective method for extracting carbohydrates from microalgae biomass samples. The highest yield of carbohydrates (more than 56%) was obtained from A. platensis samples. The addition of carbohydrates to the cultivation medium increased the accumulation of fatty acids in microalgae, especially in Chlorella. When carbohydrates were introduced to nutrient media, neutral lipids increased by 10.9%, triacylglycerides by 10.9%, fatty acids by 13.9%, polar lipids by 3.1%, unsaponifiable substances by 13.1%, chlorophyllides by 12.1%, other impurities by 8.9% on average for all microalgae. It was demonstrated that on average the content of myristic acid increased by 10.8%, palmitic acid by 10.4%, oleic acid by 10.0%, stearic acid by 10.1%, and linoleic acid by 5.7% in all microalgae samples with the addition of carbohydrates to nutrient media. It was established that microalgae samples contained valuable components (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, fatty acids, minerals). Thereby the study of the composition of lipids and fatty acids in microalgae, as well as the influence of carbohydrates in the nutrient medium on lipid accumulation, is a promising direction for scientific research in the fields of physiology, biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, space biology and feed additive production.

Autologous adipose tissue is widely used in clinical practice as a favorable material for soft tissue filling. Despite the range of approaches for its processing the main aim is investigating a universal and simple method for processing lipoaspirate to obtain nanofat with optimal histological characteristics and cellular composition. Lipoaspirates obtained from the abdominal fat were analyzed. Microfat was obtained by Luer-to-Luer Syringe adapter. Mechanical disaggregation of lipoaspirates were obtained by Liporevive equipped with stainless steel meshes. Using 30 or 50 filtrations through 1.4-, 0.8-, 0.6- and 0.4-mm pore size meshes, nanofat-containing samples were further analyzed for the presence of lipids, endothelial and stromal cells and DNA concentration. The Liporevive-obtained nanofat samples resembled the tissue structure of the microfat sample and revealed non-damaged parts of tissue filled with intact adipocytes. After using meshes with parameters (input/output/number of times) of 1.4/0.6/30, 1.4/0.4/30, 0.8/0.6/30, 1.4/0.6/50 and 1.4/0.4/50, nanofat samples with DNA concentrations similar to microfat were obtained. Decreasing the mesh’s pore sizes to 0.4 mm (output) and increasing the number of filtrations to 50 reduced the content of fat droplets in the nanofat samples, as well as stromal, but not in the endothelial cells. Mechanical disaggregation of lipoaspirate 30 times with Liporevive, using meshes with a pore diameter of 1.4 mm at the input and 0.6 mm at the output, allows obtaining nanofat comparable to lipoaspirate in DNA concentration, stromal, endothelial and adipose-derived stem cells — key components of regenerative potential. The advantage of Liporevive is obtaining nanofat without additional enzyme treatments.