Light is one of the most important environmental factors in quail farming, as it has a significant impact on production efficiency and reproductive characteristics. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different light intensities and colors on production performance in Japanese quails. For the first experiment, 200 Japanese quails were divided into five treatment groups, each with four replicates (10 birds in each). The birds in the control treatment were exposed to a light intensity of 20 lux, while the other four treatment groups were exposed to light intensities of 10 lux, 15 lux, 25 lux, and 30 lux. The experiment lasted for 6 weeks. Weight gain and dressing percentage were higher in birds that received 25 lux light intensity than in other groups (p < 0.05), however, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and relative organs weights were not affected by different light intensities (p > 0.05). The length of the oviduct was higher in birds that received 30 lux and it was lower (p < 0.05) in those that received 15 lux. In the second experiment, 200-day-old Japanese quail chicks were divided into five treatment groups, each with four replicates (10 birds in each). The treatments included a control group of compact fluorescent White light, while, other group received Red LED light (630 nanometers), White LED light (490 nanometers), Blue LED light (220 nanometers), and Green LED light (550 nanometers). The experiment lasted for 8 weeks. Body weight gain, FCR, dressing percentage, oviduct length, and the number of ovarian follicles were improved in birds that received Red LED light than other colors lights (p < 0.05). Birds that received Red LED light had higher egg weight, egg-shell thickness, yolk index, albumen, and yolk percentage than other treatments (p < 0.05). In conclusion, quails perform improved growth performance and dressing percentage when they are exposed to 20 and 25 lux light intensities, as well as red LED light.

Dromedary camels possess unique anatomical, physiological, and metabolic adaptations that enable survival in arid environments; however, these same adaptations make them highly sensitive to nutritional imbalance under modern feeding conditions. This review synthesizes current knowledge on nutritional pathologies and metabolic disorders in camels, emphasizing the links between diet composition, foregut fermentation, mineral status, and systemic health. Imbalances in energy and carbohydrates predispose camels to subacute and acute acidosis, negative energy balance, and ketosis-like syndromes, particularly when rapidly fermentable feeds are introduced without adequate fiber or water. Protein and nitrogen disorders, including ammonia toxicity and impaired urea recycling, arise from mismatches between degradable protein, fermentable energy, hydration, and mineral availability. Widespread deficiencies of phosphorus, copper, cobalt, zinc, selenium, and vitamins A and E remain major constraints, leading to pica, poor microbial fermentation, oxidative stress, immunosuppression, reproductive failure, and skeletal disorders. Nutritional disturbances frequently extend beyond the gastrointestinal tract, forming a gut–liver–kidney metabolic axis characterized by hepatic dysfunction, renal compromise, and systemic oxidative stress. The review also addresses gastrointestinal impaction, foreign-body ingestion, toxic plant consumption, and feeding on human food waste as emerging nutritional challenges, particularly in peri-urban systems. Advances in diagnostic ultrasonography, feed evaluation techniques, probiotics, mineral–vitamin supplementation, and omics-based approaches are discussed as tools for improving early diagnosis and precision nutrition. Despite growing research interest, the lack of camel-specific feeding standards and reliance on cattle-based recommendations remain critical gaps. This review highlights the need for species-specific nutrient requirement models, sustainable rangeland management, and integrative research to support the health, resilience, and productivity of camels under changing environmental and production systems.

| Investigation to evaluate the effect of varying levels of manure fertilization on the productivity and feed quality of kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus L.) during bi-weekly harvests was conducted in Gyeongbuk province, Republic of Korea, over a span of two years. The experimental design adopted a randomized complete block with four harvesting periods (100, 110, 120, and 130 days after planting - DAP) and four manure fertilization levels (0, 150, 200, and 250 kg N/ha), each replicated thrice. The findings revealed a positive correlation between manure fertilization application and kenaf growth, with the greatest plant height observed at the highest manure fertilization levels. The manure fertilization application level of 200 kg N/ha resulted in the highest dry matter (DM) yield, coupled with the highest crude protein (CP) content in kenaf leaves. Elevating manure fertilization level had a significant diminishing effect on acid detergent fiber (ADF) content, concurrently escalating neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content. Notably, the manure fertilization levels of 200 and 250 kg N/ha exhibited the highest total digestible nutrient (TDN) content. The temporal progression of kenaf growth was characterized by increasing height, while no statistically significant differences were detected in DM yield. In summation, optimal growth and development of the kenaf plant were attained through a manure fertilization application level of 200 kg N/ha, coupled with harvesting between 110 and 120 DAP. The adoption of these practices holds the potential to enhance both local and international kenaf markets, while concurrently addressing environmental concerns associated with conventional farming practices.