The impact of COVID-19 vaccination programmes on disease transmission, morbidity and mortality relies heavily on the population’s willingness to accept the vaccine. We explore Ghanaian adult citizens’ vaccine hesitancy attitudes and identify the likelihood of participation or non-participation in the government’s effort to get citizens vaccinated. A fully anonymised cross-sectional online survey of 2345 adult Ghanaians was conducted from 23 to 28 February 2021. Differences in intentions regarding COVID-19 vaccination were explored using Pearson Chi-square tests. Additionally, multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse the factors associated with willingness to receive vaccines. Responses were weighted using the iterative proportional fitting technique to generate a representative sample. About half (51%) of mostly urban adult Ghanaians over 15 years are likely to take the COVID-19 vaccine if made generally available. Almost a fifth (21%) of the respondents were unlikely to take the vaccine, while another 28% were undecided. Additionally, we find differences in vaccine hesitancy among some socio-demographic characteristics such as age, gender, and primary sources of information. Attaining the proverbial 63% to 70% herd immunity threshold in Ghana is only possible if the preventive vaccination programmes are combined with an enhanced and coordinated public education campaign. Such a campaign should focus on promoting the individual and population-level benefits of vaccination and pre-emptive efforts towards addressing misinformation about vaccines.

Understanding highly pragmatic ways of improving the quality of life of farming households by way of ensuring food security among these households has been a topical issue among many researchers. Closely linked to this technique is the participation in nonfarm activities. For a farming household, participation in such activities serves as a hedge against the risk associated with farming and by far a potential for addressing food insecurity. This study assesses the impact of participation in formal and informal nonfarm activities on household food security in Ghana using data from the Ghana Living Standard Survey 7 (GLSS 7). Multinomial Endogenous Treatment Effect was used to estimate the determinants of households' decision to engage in nonfarm activities and household food security. PSM was further used to evaluate the impact of participation in nonfarm activities on household food security. Overall, the study documents that participation in formal and informal nonfarm activities increases per capita consumption expenditure by 10 % and 9.7 % respectively. Nonfarm participation is a sure means of reducing household food insecurity shocks and improving household wellbeing. Policymakers in Ghana should therefore pay attention to nonfarm activities as a means of improving households’ welfare.