In Greater Nokoué (Benin) and Greater Lomé (Togo), there is a lack of access to formal and affordable housing. The objective of this paper is to examine the daily resilience strategies developed by tenants in Greater Nokoué and Greater Lomé to gain access to housing. It is based on a mixed methodological approach combining tenant surveys (159 in Greater Nokoué and 251 in Greater Lomé) and semi-structured interviews (28 in Greater Nokoué and 17 in Greater Lomé). The results reveal various coping mechanisms used to secure housing, maintain livelihoods, and foster a sense of belonging in environments marked by exclusion and informality. The field results also show that, in Greater Nokoué, strategies are based on occupying precarious housing characterized by poor hygiene and sanitation. In Greater Lomé, in addition to occupying makeshift housing, cohabitation is marked by tense relations and neighborhood conflicts. These findings show that, while these strategies allow for short-term adaptation, they often reproduce spatial inequalities and expose these populations to social and economic instability. Given this imperative, it is urgent to take into account these difficulties in accessing housing when promoting resilient and accessible cities for all, an important criterion in the definition of a sustainable city.

In Greater Nokoué (Benin) and Greater Lomé (Togo), it is evident that land liberalization has significant implications for access to affordable housing. This study assesses how land liberalization in Greater Nokoué and Greater Lomé constitutes a barrier to affordable housing access. Using a mixed-methods approach (qualitative and quantitative), this study combined household surveys (258 in Greater Lomé and 219 in Greater Nokoué) with in-depth semi-structured interviews (27 in Greater Lomé and 29 in Greater Nokoué). The results reveal that, in both of these metropolitan areas, land liberalization poses enormous challenges, including land speculation. This speculation, which manifests in various forms, not only affects the production of affordable housing but also exposes households to the risks of eviction and social and spatial marginalization. In light of these challenges, it is essential to rethink urban planning in these cities to facilitate the production of and access to affordable housing.