Energy harvesting technology allows Internet of Things (IoT) devices to be powered continuously without needing battery charging or replacement. In addressing existing and emerging massive IoT energy supply challenges, this paper presents the design of multi-sourced multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) multiband hybrid wireless RF-perovskite photovoltaic energy harvesting subsystems for IoT application. The research findings evaluate the efficiency and power output of different RF configurations (1 to 16 antennas) within MIMO RF subsystems. A Delon quadruple rectifier in the RF energy harvesting system demonstrates a system-level power conversion efficiency of 51%. The research also explores the I-V and P-V characteristics of the adopted perovskite tandem cell. This results in an impressive array capable of producing 6.4 V and generating a maximum power of 650 mW. For the first time, the combined mathematical modelling of the system architecture is presented. The achieved efficiency of the combined system is 90% (for 8 MIMO) and 98% (for 16 MIMO) at 0 dBm input RF power. This novel study holds great promise for next-generation 5G/6G smart IoT passive electronics. Additionally, it establishes the hybrid RF-perovskite energy harvester as a promising, compact, and eco-friendly solution for efficiently powering IoT devices in smart cities. This work contributes to the development of sustainable, scalable, and smart energy solutions for IoT integration into smart city infrastructures.

The convergence of 5G terrestrial networks with satellite systems offers a revolutionary approach to achieving global, seamless connectivity, particularly for Internet of Things (IoT) applications in urban and rural settings. This paper investigates the implications of this 5G–satellite integrated network architecture, specifically through the application of the two-ray propagation model and the free-space path loss (FSPL) model. By simulating signal characteristics over varying distances, altitudes, and environmental parameters, we explore how factors such as transmitter height, satellite altitude, and frequency impact received power, path loss, channel capacity, and outage probability. The key findings indicate that received power decreases significantly with increasing distance, with notable oscillations in the two-ray model due to interference from ground reflections, particularly evident within the first 100 km. For example, at 50 km, a 300 km satellite altitude yields approximately −115 dBm in received power, while at 1000 km altitude, this power drops to around −136 dBm. Higher frequencies (e.g., 32 GHz) exhibit greater path loss than lower frequencies (e.g., 24 GHz), with a 5 dB difference observed at 1000 km, reinforcing the need for frequency considerations in long-range communication design. In terms of channel capacity, increasing bandwidth enhances achievable data rates but declines with distance due to diminishing received power. At 100 km, a 50 MHz bandwidth supports up to 4500 Mbps, while at 3000 km, capacity drops to around 300 Mbps. The outage probability analysis shows that higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) thresholds substantially increase the likelihood of communication failures, especially at distances exceeding 2000 km. For instance, at 3000 km, the outage probability for a 15 dB SNR threshold reaches approximately 25%, compared to less than 5% for a 5 dB threshold. These results underscore the critical trade-offs in designing 5G–satellite IoT networks, balancing bandwidth, frequency, SNR thresholds, and satellite altitudes for optimal performance across diverse IoT applications. The analysis provides valuable insights for enhancing connectivity and reliability in 5G–satellite integrated networks, especially in remote and underserved regions.

This letter introduces a miniaturized dual-band implantable antenna (volume of 21.53 mm3) to adapt C-Band 5G biotelemetry in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE). Open-ended slots were engraved on a patch to tune the antenna efficiently. The antenna along with the battery, PCB, camera, data-management system was placed within a biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol capsule. This antenna was communicating with fractional bandwidths of 20.42% and 13.85% and realized gains of -24.08 dBi and -26.11 dBi up to 12 m and 6 m distances at 2.45 GHz and 4.55 GHz within the human body phantom, respectively. The antenna system was fabricated and placed within two homogeneous body models to verify its performance at both frequencies. The proposed system shows the known best performance reported on wireless capsule endoscopic systems. Introduction of 5G facility in WCE biotelemetry is also a novel approach in this application to improve the quality of smart patient monitoring.

The exponential growth of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in smart city environments presents significant challenges, including spectrum congestion, interference, energy inefficiency, and scalability. To address these issues, we propose SmartBeam+, a novel adaptive beamforming algorithm designed to optimize the communication performance in dense IoT networks. SmartBeam+ dynamically adjusts the beamforming weights using real-time Channel State Information (CSI) to maximize the Signal-to-Interference-and-Noise Ratio (SINR), minimize the bit error rate (BER), and suppress interference effectively. Extensive simulations compare SmartBeam+ with conventional algorithms such as Zero-Forcing (ZF), MVDR, and Least Mean Squares (LMS) across key performance metrics: SINR, BER, energy efficiency, reliability, throughput, and latency. Results show that SmartBeam+ consistently performs better, with SINR values ranging from 20 to 13 dB, BER as low as 0.0001, and 30 dB interference suppression. SmartBeam+ maintains 20 bps/W energy efficiency and achieves a reliability of 92%, significantly outperforming other methods, especially under high node density and interference levels. Furthermore, the network lifetime is prolonged up to 90 hours, and the latency is reduced to 5 ms, making SmartBeam+ ideal for time-sensitive applications such as disaster management and urban sensing. These results highlight SmartBeam+ as a scalable, energy-efficient, and robust solution for next-generation IoT networks in smart cities.