Introduction: Climate change will either improve, reduce, or shift its appropriate climatic habitat of a particular species, which could result in shifts from its geographical range. Predicting the potential distribution through MaxEnt modeling has been developed as an appropriate tool for assessing habitat distribution and resource conservation to protect bamboo species. Methods: Our objective is to model the current and future distribution of Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A. Richard) based on three representative concentration pathways (RCP) (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) for 2050s and 2070s using a maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) in Northern Ethiopia. For modeling procedure, 77 occurrence records and 11 variables were retained to simulate the current and future distributions of Oxytenanthera abyssinica in Northern Ethiopia. To evaluate the performance of the model, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was used. Results: All of the AUCs (area under curves) were greater than 0.900, thereby placing these models in the “excellent” category. The jackknife test also showed that precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19) and precipitation of the warmest quarter (Bio18) contributed 66.8% and 54.7% to the model. From the area of current distribution, 1367.51 km² (2.52%), 7226.28 km² (13.29%), and 5377.26 km² (9.89%) of the study area were recognized as high, good, and moderate potential habitats of Oxytenanthera abyssinica in Northern Ethiopia, and the high potential area was mainly concentrated in Tanqua Abergele (0.70%), Kola Temben (0.65%), Tselemti (0.60%), and Tsegede (0.31%). Kafta Humera was also the largest good potential area, which accounts for 2.75%. Compared to the current distribution, the total area of the high potential regions and good potential regions for Oxytenanthera abyssinica under the three RCPs (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) would increase in the 2050s and 2070s. However, the total area of the least potential regions under the three RCPs (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) in 2050s and 2070s would decrease. Conclusion: This study can provide vital information for the protection, management, and sustainable use of Oxytenanthera abyssinica, the resource to address the global climate challenges.

Socioeconomic Contribution of Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A.Rich) Munro and Determinants of Growing in Homestead Agroforestry System in Northern Ethiopia

The cycling of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in soils is fundamentally regulated by molecular oxygen, and trees restructure the local O₂ landscape through root macropore networks, rhizosphere oxygen demand, and canopy-mediated moisture redistribution, generating spatially structured redox transitions that govern CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄ fluxes across distances of just a few meters from the stem. Despite this inherent spatial heterogeneity, most studies measuring soil GHG emissions in tree-based systems report fluxes from single locations without documenting distance from trees, effectively assuming spatial homogeneity where none exists. We introduce triproximity, a conceptual framework that considers tree–soil GHG interactions across three spatial dimensions: (i) horizontal distance from tree stems, (ii) vertical soil profile depth, and (iii) structural position relative to tree components, including the stem itself as a gas conduit. Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed 107 field-based studies published between 2010 and 2025 spanning shelterbelts, agroforestry, orchards, silvopastoral systems, and riparian buffers across temperate, subtropical, and arid climates. Only 37.4% of studies explicitly reported measurement distance from trees, a proportion that has not improved despite a near four-fold increase in publication volume since 2020. Methane uptake showed the most consistent spatial response, with higher oxidation rates in the near-tree zone across diverse system types, most plausibly reflecting root-mediated improvements in soil aeration and methanotrophic activity. Nitrous oxide responses were context-dependent, governed by competing substrate availability and moisture controls that the triproximity dimensions help disentangle. Carbon dioxide fluxes showed no universal spatial pattern, yet were responsive to specific proximity dimensions once the dominant source term was identified. Stem-level gas transport was virtually unmeasured across the dataset, likely biasing ecosystem GHG budgets toward underestimation. We propose a minimum triproximity-based sampling protocol specifying horizontal distances, vertical depths, structural positions, and replicate requirements for five major tree-based system types, and call for journals to adopt spatial reporting as a minimum submission standard for GHG studies in tree-based agricultural systems.

We introduce triproximity, a conceptual framework that organizes tree–soil greenhouse gas (GHG) interactions across three spatial dimensions: (i) horizontal distance from tree stems, (ii) vertical soil profile depth, and (iii) structural position relative to tree components including the stem itself as a gas conduit. This addresses a critical and previously unquantified methodological gap in the literature. Despite the inherent spatial heterogeneity of tree-based agricultural systems, where molecular oxygen gradients structured by root macropore networks, rhizosphere demand, and canopy-mediated moisture redistribution govern CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄ fluxes across distances of just a few meters from the stem, most studies report GHG emissions from single locations without documenting distance from trees, effectively assuming spatial homogeneity where none exists. Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed 107 field-based studies identified through a Scopus search (December 2025) of tree-based systems published between 2010 and 2025. Only 37.4% of studies explicitly reported measurement distance from trees, a proportion that has not improved despite a nearly four-fold increase in publication volume since 2020. Through narrative synthesis, we show that CH₄ uptake follows the most consistent spatial response, with higher oxidation rates in the near-tree zone across diverse system types; N₂O responses are context-dependent and governed by competing substrate availability and moisture controls; and CO₂ fluxes show no universal spatial pattern yet respond predictably to specific proximity dimensions once the dominant source term is identified. Stem-level gas transport remains virtually unmeasured across the dataset, likely biasing ecosystem GHG budgets systematically. We propose a minimum triproximity-based sampling protocol for five major tree-based system types and call for journals to adopt spatial reporting as a minimum submission standard. This review was not pre-registered and received no external funding.