Los estudios sobre intervenciones basadas en realidad virtual y su efecto en el desarrollo motor y control postural en niños con Síndrome de Down (SD) son escasos.

As psychomotor development occurs in a specific social context, the environment in which a child is reared is important. The randomized study involved forty-five school children between 8 and 10 years. They were assigned to a control group (n = 23) and a neuromuscular training group (n = 22). A neuromuscular intervention for six weeks, on two nonconsecutive days, and in a circuit with 30-second stations was performed. The psychomotor development was evaluated through a psychomotor battery and the active joint position sense through the positional error. In the control group, the positional error decreased significantly in the shoulder (p < 0.001) and hip (p < 0.001), while the scores of motor function increased significantly which included balance (p < 0.001), spatio-temporal structuring (p = 0.022), global praxia (p = 0.002), and fine praxia (p = 0.003). In the neuromuscular training group, the positional error decreased significantly in the shoulder (p = 0.015), elbow (p = 0.015), wrist (p < 0.001), hip (p < 0.001), knee (p < 0.001), and ankle (p < 0.001), while the motor function scores increased significantly which included tonicity (p < 0.001), balance (p < 0.001), notion of the body (p < 0.001), spatio-temporal structuring (p < 0.001), global praxia (p < 0.001), and fine praxia (p < 0.001). A six-week neuromuscular training improved active joint position sense and psychomotor development in children.

The objective was to analyze the changes in the horizontal force-velocity profile (HFVP) during the execution of repeated sprinting. Methods: Seventeen first-division Chilean soccer players completed a repeated sprint protocol consisting of eight sprints of 30 m with 25-s pauses between repetitions. The behavior of HFVP variables in each attempt was recorded from video recordings and analysis in the MySprint^® application. Results: Differences (p < 0.05) were found between sprints in the following: time (T), starting from sprint 5 (F = 35.6; η²p = 0.69); theoretical maximum speed (V0), starting from sprint 4 (F = 29.3; η²p = 0.51); maximum power (PM), starting from sprint 5 (F = 17; η²p = 0.52); rate of decrease in force index produced at each step (DRF), starting from sprint 1 (F = 3.20; η²p = 0.17); and RF10, starting from sprint 1 (F = 15.5; η²p = 0.49). In comparison, F0 and RFpeak did not present any differences (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The HFVP variables more sensitive to the effects of fatigue induced by an RSA protocol are those associated with the production of force at high speeds, being V0, DRF, and Pmax, while those that contribute to the generation of force at the beginning of the sprint, F0 and RFpeak, do not present essential variations.

Objetivo: La finalidad de esta revisión sistemática es valorar la efectividad de las intervenciones de programas de ejercicio físico basados en el entorno escolar para promover el disfrute de la actividad física, desarrollo motor y condición física en niños y adolescentes con trastorno del desarrollo de la coordinación. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de acuerdo con las directrices de PRISMA, utilizando el modelo PICOS para los criterios de elegibilidad, los participantes debían ser niños y adolescentes con trastorno del desarrollo de la coordinación pertenecientes a un centro educativo, las intervenciones de actividad física y/o deportivas debían ser realizadas en el ámbito escolar, los resultados debían mostrar grado satisfacción a la actividad física del programa, condición física o rendimiento motor. Se incluyeron en la revisión estudios experimentales de pre y post test. Resultados: Un total de 7 artículos fueron incluidos, con un total de 184 participantes. Se identificaron distintos tipos de intervenciones basado en entrenamiento de fuerza, entrenamiento de múltiples componentes y basados en videojuegos con la Nintendo Wii (aeróbicos y yoga). Los resultados mostraron ser efectivos para la percepción de disfrute y satisfacción a la actividad física, en el desarrollo motor y la condición física de los participantes. Conclusiones: Los programas de intervención basados en el entorno escolar pueden aumentar el disfrute, las habilidades motrices y la condición física de niños con trastorno del desarrollo de la coordinación. Palabras Clave: Infancia; Escolares; Trastornos del neurodesarrollo; Habilidades motrices. Objective: The aim of this systematic review is to assess the effectiveness of school-based physical exercise program interventions to promote the enjoyment of physical activity, motor development and physical fitness in children and adolescents with developmental coordination disorder. Methodology: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, using the PICOS model for eligibility criteria, participants had to be children and adolescents with developmental coordination disorder belonging to an educational center, physical activity and/or sports interventions had to be performed in the school setting, results had to show satisfaction with the physical activity and/or program, physical fitness or motor performance. Experimental pre- and post-test studies were included in the review. Results: A total of 7 articles were included, with a total of 184 participants. Different types of interventions were identified based on strength training, multi-component training and video game-based training with the Nintendo Wii (aerobics and yoga). The results showed to be effective for perceived enjoyment and satisfaction to physical activity, motor development and physical fitness of the participants. Conclusions: Intervention programs based in the school environment can increase enjoyment, motor skills and physical fitness in children with developmental coordination disorder. Keywords: Childhood; Schoolchildren; Neurodevelopmental disorders; Motor skills.

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the benefits of an exercise intervention based on small-sided soccer games (SSSGs) on health-related physical fitness and cardiometabolic health in previously untrained children and adolescents. Methods: A systematic search on PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, and EBSCO databases was performed. Randomized or non-randomized controlled trials conducted in previously untrained children or adolescents (age < 18 years) that assessed the effect of SSSG-based intervention on health-related physical fitness and cardiometabolic risk biomarkers were included. Primary outcomes were cardiorespiratory fitness and waist circumference. Evidence was synthesized as the mean difference or standardized mean difference using a random-effects meta-analysis. The quality of evidence was assessed using ROB2 and ROBINS-I tools. Results: Sixteen studies (n = 2872 participants) were included in this meta-analysis. SSSGs significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness (SMD, 0.12 [0.01; 0.23]) and showed a non-significant trend in decreased waist circumference (−7.49 cm [−15.03; 0.06]). Additionally, SSSGs significantly decreased systolic (MD, −3.85 mmHg [−5.75; −1.94]) and diastolic blood pressure (MD, −1.26 mmHg [−2.44; −0.08]) and triglycerides (−30.34 mg·dL⁻¹ [−45.99; −14.69]). No effects on body composition or other cardiometabolic risk biomarkers were observed. After a sensitivity analysis, waist circumference and muscle strength were also shown to improve significantly following SSSGs. Comparisons between SSSG and other types of exercise interventions showed no differences in improved physical fitness or cardiometabolic risk. Conclusions: SSSG-based interventions effectively improve cardiorespiratory fitness, blood pressure, triglycerides, muscle strength, and waist circumference. There is less evidence of the effects of SSSGs on other health markers. Particular attention should be given to improving SSSG protocol reporting in future studies.

The objective is to determine the relationship between physical fitness, anthropometric measures, and biological maturation as they relate to technical performance in small-sided games (SSGs) of continuous and fractioned regimes. Methodology: A crossover-design study in which 12 children participated in two regimens of SSG (continuous and fractional). At the beginning of the study, all children were evaluated using physical fitness tests (horizontal jump test, vertical jump, cardiorespiratory fitness, and agility), anthropometric profile (weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC)), and biological maturation (peak years of growth velocity). All sessions were recorded and analyzed with the Performance Assessment in Team Sports instrument, and at the end of each game each child was asked to answer a scale of enjoyment for physical activity. Results: The results of the paired samples t-test showed no significant differences in the measures of technical performance and perceived enjoyment for the continuous and fractional regimens of SSGs (p > 0.05). The correlation results showed that technical performance in the continuous and fractional regimes was related to agility, horizontal jump, and height, while biological maturation was only related to technical performance in the fractional regimen of SSGs. Perceived enjoyment showed a negative relationship with weight, height, BMI, and WC. Conclusion: The fractional and continuous regimens of SSGs implemented in this study induced similar technical demands and enjoyment. Furthermore, the results suggest that physical fitness, anthropometric profile, and biological maturation may influence the technical performance and enjoyment of SSGs.