Since 2015, the outbreaks of hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS) and inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) caused by the highly pathogenic serotype 4 fowl adenovirus (FAdV-4) and serotype 8 fowl adenovirus (FAdV-8), respectively, have caused huge economic losses to the poultry industry. Although several vaccines have been developed to control HHS or IBH, a recombinant genetic engineering vaccine against both FAdV-4 and FAdV-8 has not been reported. In this study, recombinant FAdV-4 expressing the fiber of FAdV-8b, designated as FA4-F8b, expressing fiber of FAdV-8b was generated by the CRISPR-Cas9 and homologous recombinant techniques. Infection studies in vitro and in vivo revealed that the FA4-F8b replicated efficiently in LMH cells and was also highly pathogenic to 2-week-old SPF chickens. Moreover, the inoculation of inactivated the FA4-F8b in chickens could not only induce highly neutralizing antibodies, but also provide efficient protection against both FAdV-4 and FAdV-8b. All these demonstrate that the inactivated recombinant FA4-F8b generated here can act as a vaccine candidate to control HHS and IBH, and FAdV-4 can be an efficient vaccine vector to deliver foreign antigens.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), characterized by high-level β-lactam resistance and increasing multi-drug resistance, poses a severe and growing global threat to human health and public safety. This review examines MRSA’s complex resistance mechanisms, including mecA/mecC-mediated expression of low-affinity PBP2a, regulatory roles of auxiliary genes like fem and vanA, enzymatic inactivation by β-lactamases and modifying enzymes, efflux pump activity, and biofilm formation. We also systematically review novel therapeutic strategies, such as combination therapies, phage-derived biofilm disruptors, membrane-targeting silver nanoparticles, cell-penetrating antimicrobial peptides, colonization-competitive probiotics, and antibiotic-synergizing phytochemicals. These advances provide critical insights for developing effective countermeasures against MRSA, while highlighting the urgent need for global collaboration, antibiotic stewardship, and innovative drug development to combat antimicrobial resistance.

The discovery and clinical deployment of antibiotics marked a paradigm shift in combating bacterial infections, profoundly benefiting human medicine, veterinary health, and agricultural productivity. However, pervasive overuse in both the clinical and livestock sectors has precipitated an alarming acceleration of antimicrobial resistance, now recognized as a critical global health threat. Compounding this crisis, livestock-associated resistant pathogens persistently colonize the food production continuum, enabling zoonotic transmission through animal-derived products and endangering public health, food safety, and human survival. This review delineates current insights into bacterial resistance mechanisms and evaluates innovative countermeasures, aiming to inform future antimicrobial development and resistance containment strategies.

Virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAs) serve as critical components of host immune defense, countering viral infections by specifically recognizing epitopes on viral surface antigens to block viral entry and replication. This review elucidates the functional mechanisms of VNAs, with a focus on the dynamic interactions between the Fab region and viral epitopes, including steric hindrance and conformational locking, as well as the effector functions mediated by the Fc segment. Furthermore, we dissect diverse viral evasion strategies against neutralization that have emerged in recent studies, encompassing antigenic drift/shift, glycan shielding, epitope occlusion, antibody-dependent enhancement, and mutation accumulation under population immune pressure. Integrating structural biology insights with clinical evidence, we analyze challenges in developing broadly neutralizing antibodies and highlight innovative technological approaches. Our synthesis aims to establish a theoretical framework for the rational design and clinical translation of next-generation VNAs, thereby advancing novel strategies for antiviral therapeutics development.

Introduction: Coinfection with porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a major cause of acute diarrhea in piglets, which poses a significant challenge to the swine industry. The early detection and control of these two viruses require highly sensitive diagnostic tools. We developed a novel chip digital PCR (cdPCR) assay that uses two probes for the simultaneous quantitative detection of both PDCoV and PEDV in clinical samples.Methods: In this study, the dual cdPCR reaction system, including the annealing temperature and primer–probe concentration ratio, was systematically optimized. Additionally, we validated the developed method for specificity, sensitivity, linearity, and repeatability. Finally, the method was applied to assess the biological samples with low viral loads.Results: The dual cdPCR assay demonstrated exceptional sensitivity, with limits of detection (LoD) of 1.83 ± 0.15 copies/μL for PDCoV and 0.99 ± 0.07 copies/μL for PEDV, high specificity (no cross-reactivity with TGEV, PSV, or PRV), outstanding linearity (R² = 0.9972 for PDCoV and R² = 0.9969 for PEDV) and reproducibility (intra- and inter-assay CV < 6%). Validation across 148 clinical samples indicates that our dual cdPCR is more sensitive than qPCR for detecting both single and mixed infections. Notably, this assay can effectively quantify PDCoV and PEDV in environmental aerosol samples.Discussion: Our results demonstrate that this dual cdPCR assay offers a highly sensitive, stable, and accurate platform for the simultaneous quantification of both PDCoV and PEDV. It represents a valuable tool for early disease monitoring (particularly in aerosol surveillance and mixed-infection scenarios with low viral loads), thereby supporting the effective prevention of porcine viral diarrhea and the sustainable growth of the swine industry.

Under modern intensive and large-scale animal farming practices, the high animal density and confined spaces have progressively elevated the risk of disease transmission while complicating epidemic prevention and control. Current estimates indicate that over 70% of animal disease risks stem from viral infections, primarily transmitted via aerosol pathways. Such aerosol-mediated transmission not only triggers concentrated disease outbreaks within farms but also endangers farm workers and adjacent environments, thereby amplifying prevention challenges and substantially impeding the sustainable development of livestock industries. Therefore, this review systematically expounds the sources, hazards, and influencing factors of microbial aerosols in livestock farming environments. Furthermore, it proposes targeted prevention and control measures to address these challenges, aiming to provide theoretical and practical insights for enhancing disease prevention and promoting the healthy development of the livestock industry.