An attempt has been made to study drainage morphometry and its influence on hydrology of Wailapalli watershed, South India. For detailed study we used Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data for preparing Digital Elevation Model (DEM), aspect grid and slope maps, Geographical information system (GIS) was used in evaluation of linear, areal and relief aspects of morphometric parameters. The study reveals that the elongated shape of the basin is mainly due to the guiding effect of thrusting and faulting. The lower order streams are mostly dominating the basin. The development of stream segments in the basin area is more or less affected by rainfall. The mean Rb of the entire basin is 3.89 which indicate that the drainage pattern is not much influenced by geological structures. Relief ratio indicates that the discharge capability of these watersheds is very high and the groundwater potential is meager. These studies are very useful for planning rainwater harvesting and watershed management.

In this study, groundwater quality of an alluvial aquifer in the western Ganges basin is assessed using a GIS-based groundwater quality index (GQI) concept that uses groundwater quality data from field survey and laboratory analysis. Groundwater samples were collected from 42 wells during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods of 2012 and analysed for pH, EC, TDS, Anions (Cl, SO₄, NO₃), and Cations (Ca, Mg, Na). To generate the index, several parameters were selected based on WHO recommendations. The spatially variable grids of each parameter were modified by normalizing with the WHO standards and finally integrated into a GQI grid. The mean GQI values for both the season suggest good groundwater quality. However, spatial variations exist and are represented by GQI map of both seasons. This spatial variability was compared with the existing land-use, prepared using high-resolution satellite imagery available in Google earth. The GQI grids were compared to the land-use map using an innovative GIS-based method. Results indicate that the spatial variability of groundwater quality in the region is not fully controlled by the land-use pattern. This probably reflects the diffuse nature of land-use classes, especially settlements and plantations.

Chemical geothermometry using silica was employed in the present study to estimate the sub-surface groundwater temperature and the corresponding depth of the groundwater in parts of Kali watershed in Bulandshahr and Aligarh district. 42 groundwater samples each were collected from borewells during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season 2012 and analysed for all major ions and silica. Silica values in the area range from 18.72 to 50.64 mg/l in May 2012 and from 18.89 to 52.23 mg/l in November 2012. Chalcedony temperature >60 °C was deduced for five different locations in each season, which corresponds to a depth of more than 1,000 metres. Spatial variation of silica shows high values along a considerable stretch of River Kali, during pre-monsoon season. Relationship of silica with Total Dissolved Solids and Chloride was established to infer the role of geogenic and anthropogenic processes in solute acquisition. It was found that both water–rock interaction and anthropogenic influences are responsible for the observed water chemistry.

A hydrogeochemical study was carried out to assess the groundwater quality in parts of Kali watershed in Bulandshahr and Aligarh district. 42 groundwater samples each were collected from hand pumps in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period 2012 respectively and analysed for pH, EC, TDS, Total Hardness, silica, anions (Cl, HCO₃, CO₃, SO₄, F & NO₃) and cations (Ca, Mg, Na & K). On the basis of various diagrams and plots, groundwater has been assessed for its hydrochemical characteristics and suitability for irrigation and drinking purposes. Results show dominance of alkalis and bicarbonates. The dominant facies identified from piper diagram is Na-K-HCO₃. Four chemical groups of water have been identified on L-L diagram and majority of the samples fall in alkali-bicarbonate type and mixed type groups. Possible aqueous species in the groundwater are Mg(HCO₃)₂, Ca(HCO₃)₂, NaHCO₃, NaCl, CaSO₄, K₂SO₄ and Na₂SO₄. The US salinity diagram and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) suggest that the water is suitable for irrigation purpose. Nitrates in groundwater are within permissible limits except in 3 different locations in each season, which show high values due to the contamination from a landfill site and application of fertilizers. High positive correlation was observed between TDS and Na⁺, Cl^-, Mg⁺⁺ and Total Hardness (TH). Sodium show good correlation with Cl. Correlation of silica with Cl and TDS was done to assess the geogenic or anthropogenic involvement in evolving groundwater quality. Anthropogenic contributions from agricultural and domestic sources and weathering of rock forming minerals control the hydrochemistry of the area.