The development of highly nutritious bakery products with optimum utilization of food waste is a major challenge for the food industry. The optimum utilization of food waste for the sustainable development goal of the country is important for the growth of the nation. The aim of the present work is to prepare value-added composite flour-mixed bread from waste fruit and vegetables. The composite flour was prepared in four formulations of peel and pomace with wheat flour (PPWF), as PPWF1, PPWF2, PPWF3, and PPWF4. Composite flour was blended with a mix of vegetable and fruit pomace powders and whole wheat flour. Indian gooseberry pomace powder, apple pomace powder, bottle gourd peel powder, and potato peel powder were used with whole wheat flour to make pomace and whole wheat flour compositions such as PPWF1, PPWF2, PPWF3, and PPWF4. Out of these four flours, PPWF3 contained a good amount of fiber 8.16%, crude protein 3.18%, total phenolic content 14.48%, moisture 9.5%, vitamin C 13.64 mg/100 g, and total phenolic compound 14.48 (mg/GAE/g), which are maximum and acceptable range values as compared to the other three composite flours and the control group flour. PPWF3 is used as a partial replacement ratio for wheat flour due to its high phenolic content, vitamin C content, and richness in fibers. This composite flour is used to make bread dough, and two samples, G1 and G2, are made, out of which G2 offers better nutritional, functional, and sensory evaluations in comparison with refined wheat bread, which is taken as a control group. Thus, such utilization of food waste in bread making can generate value from waste and improve the nutritional attributes of bread, which may improve an individual’s health.

Development of high nutritious bakery products with optimum utilization of food waste is a major challenge for food industries. Food waste is major challenge in an each country. The optimum utilization of food waste for sustainable development goal of country is important ant for growth of the nation. The aim of the present work is to prepare value-added composite flour mixed bread from wastes of fruit and vegetables. The composite flour was prepared in four formulations of Peel and Pomace Wheat Flour (PPWF), as PPWF1, PPWF2, PPWF3 and PPWF4. Compositing flour was blended by a mix of vegetable and fruits pomace powders and whole wheat flour. Indian gooseberry pomace powder, apple pomace powder, bottle gourd peel powder, and potato peel powder were used with whole wheat flour to make pomace and whole wheat flour compositions as PPWF1, PPWF2, PPWF3 and PPWF4. Broadly this work was divided into three phases, first phase has conducted nutritional and functional analysis on peel and pomace powders individually, which shows the significance of using them for our research work. The second phase works in the creation of composite flours with different composition ratios as discussed above as PPWF. This phase shows the nutritional and functional analysis of four composite flours. Out of these four flours, PPWF3 contained a good amount of fiber 8.16%, crude protein 3.18%, total phenolic content 14.48%, moisture 9.5%, vitamin C 13.64mg/100g, and total phenolic compound 14.48(mg/GAE/g) which are maximum and acceptable range values as compared to other three composite flours and the wheat flour-control group flour. Then in the third phase, the PPWF3 is used as a partial replacement ratio of wheat flour in wheat flour due to its high phenolic content, Vitamin C, and the richness of fibers. This composite flour is used to make bread dough, two samples G1 and G2 are made; out of which G2 offers better nutritional, functional, and sensory evaluations in comparison with refined wheat four bread is taken as a control group. Thus, such utilization of food wastes in bread making can generate a value of wastes and can improve nutritional attributes of bread, which may improve an individual’s health.

Biofertilizers symbolize a promising and eco-friendly approach to increasing agricultural productivity while reducing the hazardous environmental impact of chemical fertilizers. Biofertilizers are compounds containing living microorganisms or their byproducts that, when applied to soil, enhance nutrient uptake and promote plant growth. These biological agents include nitrogen-fixing bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, and phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms. Biofertilizers are well recognized for their composition, cost-effectiveness, and environment-friendly nature. These are safe substitutes for hazardous synthetic fertilizers. They contribute to soil health and biodiversity conservation by enriching the soil with beneficial microorganisms. This review provides an overview of biofertilizers, their significance in modern agriculture, and their potential to promote sustainable farming practices.

Ephedra gerardiana is an important medicinal plant known for its tremendous medicinal potential since ages. The plant has been utilized in the treatment of several ailments. The plant possesses several biologically active phytoconstituents which are responsible for its medicinal value. The present study was conducted to identify such phyto-compounds through GC-MS study and also to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the plant. Methanolic extract of wild plant and in vitro raised plantlet were utilized for determining antioxidant value and GC-MS analysis. In vitro raised plants exhibited enhanced production of flavonoids with prominent antioxidant activity as compared to the mother plant. On the contrary, the level of tannin was found to be higher in the mother plant. GC-MS study revealed the presence of a total of 34 and 43 phyto-compounds in mother and in-vitro raised plants respectively. 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (24.66%), 9-octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3 propanetriyl ester (10.75%), Phytol (8.8%) and 2(5H)- Furanone, 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl (7.41%) were major compounds found in mother plant and Morpholine (28.93%), 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (20.45%), Hexadecanoic acid, 2-Hexadecen-1-ol (16.16%) were major compounds found to be present in methanolic extract of the wild plant

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting primarily the joints, producing discomfort, inflammation, and potentially damaging joint destruction. Rheumatoid arthritis affects people all around the world, and its prevalence and impact differ by place. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 0.5% to 1% of the global population has rheumatoid arthritis. To decrease the progression of rheumatoid arthritis, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic medications (DMARDs) such as methotrexate and sulfasalazine are used. TNF inhibitors and IL-6 inhibitors are two examples of biologic DMARDs that target specific immune system components. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics help manage pain and inflammation while corticosteroids provide short-term relief during flares. Treatment strategies are tailored to the individual, and talking with a healthcare expert is essential for effective management. Herbal therapies are regarded to offer an advantage over synthetic pharmaceuticals for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis due to their natural approach, potential symptom relief, holistic approach to health, and individualised therapy possibilities. However, scientific data supporting their effectiveness is sparse and variable, and their quality and safety can vary. Before adopting herbal therapies as part of a treatment plan, it is critical to check with a healthcare expert. Because of their natural chemicals with anti-inflammatory and analgesic characteristics, medicinal herbs may aid rheumatoid arthritis. However, further research is required to determine their efficacy, safety, and appropriate application.

Nemacheilus multifasciatus is a hillstream loach that contributes to the stability of Himalayan ecosystems and supports local subsistence fisheries. This study aimed to evaluate the sex ratio of the N. multifasciatus in the Heval River, a tributary of the holy river Ganga, across temporal (monthly, seasonal) and size class scales and to examine its deviation from the expected 1:1 proportion. A total of 253 fish specimens were collected from 2023 to 2025 and examined to assess the sex ratio by month, season, and 0.5 cm length groups and to determine the stock percentage in each size group using chi-square tests for deviation from parity. Monthly sex ratio (male: female) ranged from 1:0.86 (November) to 1:1.43 (August), while seasonal value varied from 1:1.06 in autumn to 1:1.30 in summer; none of these temporal differences were statistically significant (p>0.05). Size-wise sex ratios showed stronger deviations, from 1:0.17 at 5.1-5.5 cm to 1:8.00 at 8.6-9.0 cm, with significant differences among length groups (p<0.05). The highest stock percentage (18.18%) was observed in the 7.6-8.0 cm size group, and the lowest (0.79%) in the 9.1-9.5 cm group, with an overall sex ratio of 1 male:1.18 females for the population. These observations and overall analysis indicate a slight female bias and size-dependent variations in the sex ratio of this hillstream loach, N. multifasciatus, with potential implications for population dynamics and management.