Aims: Research into neuropsychological consequences of HIV has focused mainly on male subjects, and therefore very little is known about the disease in female subjects and, of course, about gender differences. The aim of the present research was therefore to investigate neuropsychological impairment rates and pattern in HIV male and female patients, with regard to the study of gender differences in tasks assessing attention, memory for texts, digits and words, psychomotor speed, verbal intelligence and abstract reasoning.Methods: A clinical sample was recruited consisting of 122 subjects, divided into four groups: (i) 57 HIV+ men; (ii) 31 HIV+ women; (iii) 18 HIV− men and (iv) 16 HIV− women. All the subjects had more than 18 years, being the average of age of 34.08 for men and 33.35 for women. The evaluation of each subject consisted of a semistructured interview investigating sociodemographic, clinical and toxicological aspects and a neuropsychological assessment, with a battery of tests specifically selected for this study and chosen for their validity and because they have been shown to be sensitive to neuropsychological impairment in HIV‐infected patients in other studies.Results: None of HIV− male and female groups fulfilled impairment criteria. Regarding the HIV+ group, a rate of neuropsychological impairment of 51.9% was obtained for the men and 54.8% for the women, but there were no significant differences between groups. Nevertheless, were detected significant differences in neuropsychological impairment rates between HIV+ and HIV− women, and also between HIV+ and HIV− men. Although HIV+ women presented multiple factors that could increase their neuropsychological vulnerability to the effects of HIV, HIV+ men had the same probability of having neuropsychological impairment as HIV+ women.Conclusions: A different neuropsychological impairment pattern was detected between genders: while HIV+ men had greater impairment in visual memory, attention, psychomotor speed and abstract reasoning, HIV+ women had greater impairment on attention, psychomotor speed and verbal memory for texts.

The goal of this study is to examine in greater depth the phenomenon of sexting and its dynamics of cyberviolence in teens' relationships. For this purpose, sexting behaviors, the strategies employed, and the justifications and consequences of sexting as a function of gender and place of origin will be analyzed. Using a qualitative methodology, 20 focus groups were performed, involving 222 teenagers, 54% girls and 46% boys, ranging in age from 14 to 18 years, from schools of Secondary Education (Spain). The results show that sexting is a common practice in adolescents of both genders and also in the context of a relationship. Boys and girls from the urban environment and boys from the rural and semi-rural area send more sexting contents. Boys' main reasons for sexting are to achieve a sexual relationship, whereas the girls' justifications are to have or maintain an emotional relationship. In addition, girls suffer the worst consequences of sexting. Both boys and girls cibercontrol their affectiva partners, though girls expressed it more. Jealousy and distrust of the partner are the main reasons for exercising this cybercontrol.

ResumenObjetivoDescribir los comportamientos y prácticas sexualesde adolescentes y jóvenes españoles en función del género.MétodoLa información fue recogida mediante un cuestionario, realizado en el domicilio de los participantes y con presencia del entrevistador, aplicado a una muestra aleatoria integrada por 2.171 chicos y chicas de 14-24 años de edad, representativa de las comunidades de Galicia, Madrid y Andalucía.ResultadosUn total de 1.439 sujetos (66,3%) refirieron haber tenido actividad sexual en los últimos 6 meses, sin apreciarse diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre chicos (66,4%) y chicas (66,2%), excepto en las siguientes variables: haber practicado el coito anal (los chicos refieren haberlo practicado en mayor proporción); número de parejas sexuales (las chicas manifestaron tener menor número de parejas), y frecuencia de coitos vaginales (las chicas presentaron una frecuencia más elevada en esta práctica). También se encontraron diferencias en frecuencia de uso del condón en las prácticas coito-anales y en las bucogenitales, en las que los chicos refirieron utilizarlo más frecuentemente.ConclusionesLos datos de este estudio indican que los chicos y las chicas mantienen comportamientos sexuales diferenciados. En este sentido, las chicas suelen tener menor número de parejas sexuales y utilizan el preservativo en mayor medida que los chicos en las prácticas coito-vaginales; sin embargo, hacen menor uso de éste en las prácticas bucogenitales y coito-anales. En función de estos datos consideramos necesario tener en cuenta la variable género a la hora de diseñar e implementar intervenciones preventivas.AbstractObjectivesTo describe the sexual behaviors and practices of Spanish adolescents and young adults according to gender.MethodInformation was gathered by means of a questionnaire administered in participants’ homes in the presence of an interviewer. A random sample was used, consisting of 2,171 adolescents and young adults of both sexes, ranging in age from 14 to 24 years old. The participants were from three distinct regions of Spain: Galicia, Madrid, and Andalusia.ResultsA total of 1,439 participants (66.3%) reported having been sexually active in the previous 6 months, with no statistically significant differences between male (66.4%) and female (66.2%) respondents. However, significant differences were found between males and females in the following variables: anal intercourse was reported by a higher proportion of males than females, the number of sexual partners reportedby females was lower than that reported by males and the frequency of vaginal intercourse reported by females was higher than that reported by males. Condom use in anal intercourse and oral sex was more frequently reported by males than by females.ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate that sexual behavior differs between genders, with females having a lower number of sexual partners and more frequently using a condom in vaginal intercourse but less frequently in oral sex and anal intercourse. In view of these data, we believe that gender should be taken into account when designing and implementing preventive interventions

El objetivo de este artículo es abordar los fundamentos de la teoría del sexismo ambivalente, tanto de las escalas desarrolladas para mujeres (ASI, Escala de Sexismo Ambivalente, Glick y Fiske, 1996) como para hombres (AMI, Escala de Actitudes Ambivalentes hacia hombres, Glick y Fiske, 1999) y su relación con otras escalas de sexismo moderno; así como las repercusiones de la manifestación de este nuevo sexismo en las investigaciones nacionales e internacionales. Los resultados confirman que la escala ASI es la única que mide un sexismo relacional frente a las escalas de Neosexismo (Tougas et al., 1995) y de MOS (Swim et al., 1995) que miden un sexismo socio-laboral. También se evidencia la repercusión que la escala ASI ha tenido en la comunidad científica en detrimento de la escala AMI.

The current study aims to examine the influence of personality traits (alternative Zuckerman model) and driving anger in the explanation of risky driving style in individuals convicted for road safety offences (N = 245), using as a basis an adaptation of the context-mediated model. This is a transversal, descriptive study designed to be implemented by means of surveys, in which took part 245 men convicted of road safety offences from five prisons in Galicia (a region in northwestern Spain) took part. The average age of the participants was 38.73 years (Sx-9.61), with a range between 18 and 64 years. All participants had three or more years of driving experience. Our data shows that the Impulsive-Sensation Seeking (Imp-SS) personality trait had a direct and positive effect on dangerous driving, while the Activity (Act) trait had a direct but negative effect. The Aggression-Hostility (Agg-Host) trait, in turn, influenced the risky driving style, but not directly, but by raising driving anger levels, so it acted as a powerful mediator between the Aggression-Hostility (Agg-Hos) trait and the risky driving style. In general, our research partially replicates and expands previous findings regarding the model used, the aggression-hostility personality trait (Agg-Host) was placed in the distal context, driving anger in the proximal context, while age and personality traits Activity (Act) and Impulsive-Sensation Seeking (Imp-SS) were direct predictors. The results of this study may have practical implications for the detection and rehabilitation of offenders and penalties for road safety offences.