Background: Occupational bronchopulmonary diseases (OBPDs)—including pneumoconiosis, silicosis, and occupational COPD—remain a pressing public health issue, especially in regions with intensive mining, metallurgy, and construction industries. Caused by chronic inhalation of fibrogenic dusts, these conditions are often diagnosed at late stages, resulting in irreversible lung damage and diminished work capacity. Methods: A scoping review was performed using the Arksey and O’Malley framework, with methodological refinements from the Joanna Briggs Institute. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we searched PubMed, Scopus, and gray literature for publications from 2014 to 2024. After screening 1761 records and full-text review, nine studies were included in the final synthesis, comprising two systematic reviews, two narrative literature reviews, and five observational studies. Results: Key risk factors identified included prolonged exposure to silica and coal dust, tobacco use, and genetic susceptibility. Diagnostic delays were attributed to the underuse of high-resolution CT and exhaled nitric oxide analysis. Several studies highlighted the diagnostic value of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α). Nutritional rehabilitation and polyphenol-enriched herbal therapies were associated with improved respiratory function and quality of life. However, these strategies remain underutilized, particularly in low-resource settings. Conclusions: A coordinated, biomarker-driven approach integrating early diagnosis, dust exposure control, and tailored rehabilitation is urgently needed. Multidisciplinary models may reduce the clinical and socioeconomic burden of OBPDs.

INTRODUCTION. The profound socio-political and economic changes of the 1990s had a negative impact on people's quality of life and overall health. The constant stress inherent in urbanized society leads to a decline in the functional capabilities of the human body. Developing the health resort complex is a key solution to maintain the population's essential life-support systems and address the challenges associated with urbanization. To better understand the current state of the resort industry in Kazakhstan, it is important to explore its history and development. This will help us understand its characteristics and challenges. AIM. To examine and evaluate the historically significant events in the development of balneology in Kazakhstan, as well as to identify current trends and outlooks for the modernization of the country's resort industry. MATERIALS AND METHODS. In order to conduct a comprehensive literature review, a range of international electronic databases were consulted, including Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar and eLibrary. The period under review extended from 2014 to 2024, with earlier works of seminal importance also included in the analysis. Literature searches were conducted using comprehensive search strategies that were relevant to the development of Kazakhstani balneology during certain historical periods. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The history of health resort treatment in Kazakhstan goes back well beyond the thirty years since the country's independence. This traditional form of therapy is used in various fields of medicine for disease prevention. Sanatoriums and resorts offer a wide range of natural resources, including a unique climate, clean mountain air, mineral waters and therapeutic muds. These elements create exceptional conditions for recovery and improved health. This approach combines traditional medical practices with modern technologies, as well as natural and climatic factors. Although Kazakhstan has a significant recreational potential, the demand for these services is still low. This may be due to the fact that the focus is still on the Soviet-style recreation, which emphasizes social interaction and the state engagement. In the past, the government had to cover significant expenses for running sanatoriums, resorts, and providing recreational services, ensuring restorative care for people. CONCLUSION. The development of resorts in Kazakhstan has undergone significant transformations, starting in the pre-socialist period and continuing into the post-Soviet era of modernization. Thanks to its rich natural resources and government support, as well as private investment, Kazakhstan was able to partially maintain its resort industry. However, the modernization of Kazakhstan's resorts and sanatoriums requires government regulation, followed by optimization and digitalization of the health resort network in order to provide high-quality treatment and recreational services that are accessible to all segments of the population.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive interstitial lung disease characterized by irreversible extracellular matrix deposition and high mortality, with aging representing its strongest risk factor. Increasing evidence suggests that cellular senescence is not merely a consequence of tissue injury but a central driver of disease progression. Senescent alveolar epithelial cells and fibroblasts contribute to impaired tissue repair and persistent fibrotic remodeling through the acquisition of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which promotes chronic inflammation and amplifies profibrotic signaling. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current evidence on the role of cellular senescence in IPF, focusing on key molecular mechanisms, including telomere attrition, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, DNA damage response activation, and dysregulated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling. A structured literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify mechanistic, translational, and clinical studies related to cellular senescence in IPF. Relevant studies were selected based on conceptual relevance and scientific quality, and findings were qualitatively synthesized within a narrative-review framework. These interconnected pathways form self-reinforcing feedback loops that stabilize the senescent phenotype and sustain fibroblast activation. In addition, we critically evaluate emerging therapeutic strategies targeting senescence, including senolytic and senomorphic approaches, highlighting their potential to modify fundamental disease mechanisms rather than solely attenuating fibrotic progression. Preclinical and early clinical studies suggest that selective targeting of senescent cells may represent a promising avenue for intervention, although challenges related to specificity, safety, and biomarker development remain. Overall, this review positions cellular senescence as a central mechanistic link between aging and fibrosis and underscores its relevance as a translational target in IPF.

Background: The increasing use of computed tomography (CT) in pediatric populations has raised concerns regarding radiation-induced malignancies due to higher radiosensitivity and longer post-exposure lifespan in children. Objective: This study aimed to synthesize evidence from large-scale cohort studies on the association between pediatric CT exposure and subsequent cancer risk, with a focus on leukemia and brain tumors. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were performed in PubMed and the Cochrane Library from database inception to 30 June 2025. Seven large cohort studies, including more than 11 million individuals from Europe, Asia, and Australia, were included. Data on radiation exposure, cancer outcomes, follow-up, effect measures, and methodological quality were extracted independently by two reviewers. Results: A consistent dose-response relationship was observed across studies. Excess relative risk (ERR) per mGy ranged from 0.033 to 0.045 for leukemia and from 0.006 to 0.023 for brain tumors in studies reporting organ-dose estimates. The risk was higher in children exposed at younger ages, particularly under 5 years, and increased with cumulative exposure. Scan-count analyses also suggested higher incidence with repeated CT, although scan count is a proxy for dose and should not be interpreted as equivalent to organ-dose ERR. Although indication bias was identified, adjusted and lagged analyses generally supported a persistent association. Conclusion: Pediatric CT exposure is associated with a small but measurable increase in long-term cancer risk. These findings should be interpreted alongside the diagnostic benefit of CT in trauma, oncology, and life-threatening illness. Clinically justified CT remains essential; the results support strict justification, dose optimization, and the use of non-ionizing alternatives when they can answer the clinical question.

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant neoplasm among men and the second most common among women. According to the World Cancer Report, the number of people suffering from this disease is growing steadily. In 2012, there were more than 1.36 million new cases of CRC, and approximately 694,000 people died from this disease worldwide.Methods: A sensitive literature search identified 12 relevant publications, including: a CORRECT phase III study assessing the effect of regorafenib in patients with metastatic CRC that continued to progress despite using all standard treatment methods; a CONCUR Phase III study evaluating the clinical effect of regorafenib in Asian patients with metastatic CRC; a CONSIGN study conducted after the CORRECT and CONCUR studies that assessed the safety profile of regorafenib prior to market entry; and various systematic reviews evaluating the safety of regorafenib.Results: The efficacy and safety of regorafenib for treating patients with metastatic CRC was evaluated in two major clinical studies: CORRECT and CONCUR. Although the studies were randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled, they were conducted in different patient populations. Before treatment with regorafenib, patients received, depending on the country, fluoropyrimidines, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, or bevacizumab, and patients with the wild-type KRAS gene also received cetuximab and panitumumab. Results from both studies indicated that regorafenib had a clinically significant positive effect on rates of progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with treatment-resistant metastatic CRC.Conclusions: Regorafenib can be recommended as a monotherapy for resistant metastatic CRC when there are no contraindications to use. Considering the safety profile of regorafenib, further research is needed to determine the best dosage of regorafenib and the most appropriate clinical and molecular biomarkers for determining which patients would benefit most from this treatment.

Relevance. The transition toward risk-oriented occupational safety systems requires modernizing social protection mechanisms for employees exposed to hazardous working conditions. In Kazakhstan, social guarantees are traditionally based on occupational classifications that do not fully reflect actual workplace risk exposure or economic sector characteristics. Objective. To develop and validate an integrated methodological approach for ranking occupations based on professional risk levels and economic activity characteristics. Materials and Methods. This study, conducted in 2024-2025, included an analysis of occupational risk assessment data from pilot enterprises, an evaluation of national labor statistics, and findings from a sociological survey of 312 respondents. An integrated ranking index was developed by calculating a sectoral coefficient reflecting economic activity characteristics. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 27.0. Results. Significant variability in occupational risk levels across economic sectors was identified. High and critical risk levels were predominantly observed in mining, metallurgical, and chemical industries, while lower risk levels were characteristic of service and administrative sectors. The proposed integrated ranking model demonstrated the ability to differentiate occupations with similar professional risk exposure by incorporating sector-specific economic indicators, thereby enabling a more precise distribution of social guarantees. Conclusions. The developed model establishes a scientifically justified relationship between occupational risk level and allocation of social guarantees. Implementing the proposed methodology may enhance the effectiveness of occupational safety regulation and support the transition toward a preventive, risk-oriented social protection system in Kazakhstan.