Research related to Cerradão vegetation focuses more on the floristic-structural aspect, with rare studies on the quantification of volume and biomass stocks, and even fewer investigating the increments of these attributes. Using a systematic sampling method with subdivided strips and 400 m² plots, the density found was 1135, 1165, and 1229 trees/ha in 2012, 2020, and 2023, respectively, in Lajeado State Park, Tocantins State, Brazil. Volume was estimated using the equation $\mathrm{v}=0.000085{\mathrm{D}}^{2.122270}{\mathrm{H}}^{0.666217},$ and biomass was estimated using the equation $\mathrm{A}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}=0.0673{\left(\rho {\mathrm{D}}^2\mathrm{H}\right)}^{0.976}$. Vegetation dynamics were assessed using growth increment, recruitment, mortality, turnover rate, and time. The results indicated that dynamics have increased since the start of monitoring. Typical Cerrado species, in the strict sense, were replaced by those from forest environments. The total production in volume and biomass was 160.91 m³/ha and 118.10 Mg/ha, respectively, in 2023. The species of Emmotum nitens, Mezilaurus itauba, Ocotea canaliculata, and Sacoglottis guianensis showed the highest increment values in volume and biomass. For the community, the average values were 4.04 m³/ha/year and 3.54 Mg/ha/year. The community has not yet reached its carrying capacity and stores a significant amount of biomass. This is influenced by the transition of the study area from an exploited environment to a conservation unit (park) and by its location in a transitional area with the Amazon biome.

The Cerrado has high plant and vertebrate diversity and is an important biome for conserving species and provisioning ecosystem services. Volume equations in this biome are scarce because of their size and physiognomic diversity. This study was conducted to develop specific volumetric models for the phytophysiognomies Gallery Forest, Dry Forest, Forest Savannah, and Savannah Woodland, a generic model and a model for Cerrado forest formation. Twelve 10 m × 10 m (100 m²) (National Forest Inventory) plots were used for each phytophysiognomy at different sites (regions) of the Federal District (FD) where trees had a diameter at breast height (DBH; 1.30 m) ≥5 cm in forest formations and a diameter at base height (Db; 0.30 m) ≥5 cm in savanna formations. Their diameters and heights were measured, they were cut and cubed, and the volume of each tree was obtained according to the Smalian methodology. Linear and nonlinear models were adjusted. Criteria for the selection of models were determined using correlation coefficients, the standard error of the estimates, and a graphical analysis of the residues. They were later validated by the chi-square test. The resultant models indicated that fit by specific phytophysiognomy was ideal; however, the generic and forest formation models exhibited similar performance to specific models and could be used in extensive areas of the Cerrado, where they represent a high potential for generalization. To further increase our understanding, similar research is recommended for the development of specific and generic models of the total volume in Cerrado areas.

In the Neotropical Savanna domain, few equations are available for estimating biomass stocks in Cerrado sensu stricto (CSS), despite the importance of such tools for estimating carbon stocks, understanding ecosystem functioning, and supporting conservation actions. We conducted forest inventories in 40 temporary 1000 m² plots in southeastern Brazil to estimate total and compartmental biomass stocks and to model biomass using structural and edaphic predictors. Total biomass (TB) included aboveground woody biomass (AGWB), necromass, litter, and belowground biomass (BGB). AGWB was estimated for trees with basal diameter ≥ 5 cm using a previously fitted regional equation. Root biomass was sampled using a 1 m³ trench excavated at a single point adjacent to each plot. Necromass was quantified using the line-intersect method along a 50 m transect, considering debris with diameter ≥ 3 cm. Litter was sampled using a 0.25 m² frame placed at the center of each plot. Biomass was modeled on an area basis using a hierarchical approach for TB, total tree biomass (TTB = AGWB + BGB), and AGWB. Mean stocks (Mg ha⁻¹ ± s.d.) were 45.24 ± 17.32 (TB), 20.47 ± 11.26 (AGWB), 18.47 ± 10.88 (BGB), 5.49 ± 4.18 (litter), and 0.81 ± 1.62 (necromass). Models selected using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and validated by repeated k-fold cross-validation achieved rŷy = 0.76, 0.72, and 0.94 and RMSE = 24.40%, 27.06%, and 18.10% for TB, TTB, and AGWB. As the equations were calibrated for CSS under the environmental conditions of the Brazilian semiarid region, their transferability to other Cerrado regions should be considered with caution. The inclusion of soil variables (e.g., Al, Mg, and sand) improved predictions, reducing relative costs and taxonomic dependence, while incorporating nutritional adaptations to the acidic soils characteristic of the biome.

Individual tree modeling (ITM) is an effective system for thinned stands, especially in teak (Tectona grandis Linn F.) plantations, allowing the estimation of individual-tree-specific variables. Heartwood diameter and volume have high added value and can be estimated in living trees. Therefore, we developed an ITM system for clonal teak stands capable of projecting technical intervention ages and quantifying heartwood production throughout the rotation in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon. The system included equations for total tree height, site index, and taper of both stem and heartwood, with volumes obtained by integrating the respective taper equations. Future diameters and heights were projected using models based on the algebraic difference approach (ADA) and the generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA). Ages of technical intervention were defined by the maximum mean annual increment in volume with bark. The Lundqvist-Korf-ADA base model was the most accurate in estimating future trees’ diameters and heights. The inclusion of the number of trees as a covariate to represent thinning had a significant and positive impact on variable projections. Optimal technical rotations ranged from 17.1 to 21.3 years, considering volume with bark. An increase in the proportion of heartwood was observed, reaching 78% of the diameter and 53% of the volume at rotation ages. The modeling system developed in the present study enables the estimation of technical rotation ages and the quantification of heartwood production throughout the rotation, which provides reliable information for silvicultural planning and decision-making in the management of clonal teak stands.

This study quantified total biomass stocks in Carrasco (CAR, n = 12), a dense tropical deciduous vegetation type from the Brazilian semi-arid region for which biomass information remains scarce. We also evaluated differences in floristic composition, diversity, structure, and biomass allocation patterns relative to Cerrado sensu stricto (CSS, n = 40). Forest inventories were conducted in southeastern Brazil. Woody biomass was estimated using a regional allometric equation. Roots were sampled in a position adjacent to the plots, and litter was collected at the center of each plot using a frame. Necromass was assessed along a linear transect corresponding to the length of each plot using the line-intersect method. Biomass differences between vegetation types were assessed using generalized linear and mixed-effects models (GLMs and GLMMs). Total biomass reached 45.24 Mg ha⁻¹ in CSS and 59.01 Mg ha⁻¹ in CAR. In CSS, woody biomass predominated (20.47 Mg ha⁻¹; 45%), followed by roots (18.47 Mg ha⁻¹; 41%), litter (5.49 Mg ha⁻¹; 12%), and necromass (0.81 Mg ha⁻¹; 2%). In CAR, roots were the dominant component (32.37 Mg ha⁻¹; 55%), followed by woody biomass (16.57 Mg ha⁻¹; 28%), litter (8.39 Mg ha⁻¹; 14%), and necromass (1.68 Mg ha⁻¹; 3%). CSS and CAR shared only 10% of their species and showed significant differences in total biomass (TB) and belowground biomass (BGB), while aboveground biomass (AGB), aboveground woody biomass (AGWB), litter, and necromass did not differ significantly (α = 0.05). The BGB/AGWB ratio was 1 in CAR, resembling global patterns of savanna/shrubland and grassland formations, respectively. Considering the sampling design adopted, despite the higher stem density in CAR, larger individuals in CSS compensated for structural differences, resulting in similar aboveground biomass stocks. Our findings reinforce the floristic and structural distinctiveness of Carrasco and reveal contrasting biomass allocation strategies, with a strong dominance of belowground biomass in CAR. These results demonstrate that aboveground-based assessments can substantially underestimate total biomass in semi-arid transitional vegetation and highlight the need to incorporate non-forest ecosystems into biomass inventories, conservation planning, and climate change mitigation strategies.