Niosomes are employed for their improved physical properties and stability and as a controlled delivery system. However, their large-scale production and different preparation methods affect their physical properties. The microfluidic method represents a novel approach to the preparation of niosomes that enables precise control and decreases the preparation time and steps compared to alternative methods. The UVB protection and anti-hyperpigmentation activities of lycopene-loaded niosomes prepared by microfluidic (MF) and novel conventional thin-film hydration (THF) methods were compared. Extract powders from tomatoes (T), carrots (C), and mixed red vegetables (MR) were utilized to prepare lycopene-rich extract-entrapped niosomes. The resulting niosome formulations were characterized by particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, FT-IR spectra, entrapment efficiency, lycopene-release profile, permeation, and stability. The lycopene extract–niosome formulations were evaluated for their potential to provide UVB protection to human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and for their anti-melanogenesis effects on B16F10 melanoma cells. The results indicated that niosomes prepared by the MF method exhibited high uniformity and homogeneity (reflected by a low PDI value) and maintained smaller sizes when processed through a chip utilizing a hydrodynamic flow-focusing (HFF) platform compared to THF niosomes. The release kinetics of all lycopene–niosome formulations followed the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. The FT-IR spectra indicated that lycopene was incorporated into the niosome bilaminar membrane. Moreover, niosomes obtained from MF demonstrated enhanced stability during heating–cooling cycles, along with high UVB protection and anti-melanogenesis effects. Therefore, these developed niosome preparation methods could be effectively applied to topical products.

Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) seed coat (MBSC) is an underutilized by-product rich in vitexin and isovitexin, but its potential as a source of spray-dried functional powders has not been systematically evaluated. This study investigated the spray drying of MBSC extract using three structurally distinct polysaccharide-based carriers—maltodextrin, trehalose, and inulin—to compare their effects on process yield, powder quality, and the content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. Response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken design was employed to examine the influence of inlet temperature (130–160 °C) and carrier concentration. Maltodextrin provided the highest process yield (84.85%), while trehalose and inulin formulations exhibited stronger antioxidant activity, with the lowest DPPH IC₅₀ values of 0.096 mg/mL and 0.100 mg/mL, respectively (expressed per mg of spray-dried powder). Trehalose yielded the highest total phenolic content (TPC = 28.12 mg GAE/g extract) and acceptable flowability (Carr’s index = 20.72%). Inulin gave the highest total flavonoid content (TFC = 126.8 mg QE/g extract) but showed greater variability, attributed to its polymeric network and higher hygroscopicity. The RSM models showed high predictive accuracy for TPC (R² > 0.98) and DPPH antioxidant activity (R² ≈ 1.00). These findings offer a multi-objective optimization framework that links carrier structure to powder performance, providing practical guidance for selecting polysaccharide carriers in the development of spray-dried nutraceutical and functional food ingredients. However, direct measurement of encapsulation efficiency, particle morphology, and storage stability was beyond the scope of this study and warrants further investigation.

This study aimed to develop a niosome delivery system loaded with mung bean seed coat (MBSC) extract for cosmetic applications. The extract was prepared using Soxhlet extraction with 40% ethanol and demonstrated strong antioxidant activity due to its rich content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Twelve different formulations (F1–F12) were prepared using sonication, and their properties, such as entrapment efficiency, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential, were evaluated. Formulation F12 exhibited the most favorable overall characteristics, demonstrating high entrapment efficiency for phenolics (76.12%) and flavonoids (99.64%), nanoscale particle size (286.43 ± 15.79 nm), acceptable PDI (0.38 ± 0.50), and good physical stability (zeta potential −44.10 ± 1.01 mV). FT‐IR analysis confirmed the successful encapsulation of the extract in the niosomal bilayer. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that F12 gradually released the extract and improved skin absorption over 24 h through diffusion. Additionally, HPLC testing confirmed accurate and precise measurements of vitexin and isovitexin, meeting ICH standards for sensitivity and reliability. Furthermore, in vitro studies have demonstrated that the extract effectively protects against UVB‐induced cellular damage, thereby supporting its potential application in skincare formulations. These results suggest that Formulation F12 is a safe and effective niosome system with potential for cosmeceutical applications.

This study established the bioavailability of cytotoxic compounds, including polyphenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidants, derived from Moringa oleifera leaf extract through in silico analysis, focusing on their antimethanogen, antimicrobial mastitis, and anti-inflammatory properties to predict active-site protein targets. The analysis involved 40 compounds utilizing LC–QTOF/MS, molecular docking, and ADME property assessments. These compounds were evaluated against the methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MRC) receptor (PDB: 1MRO), Mycoplasmopsis bovis protein (PDB: 7E2P), and interleukin-37 receptor (PDB: 5HN1) using the SwissDock server via the AutoDock Vina platform. The molecular docking results identified three optimal ligands: apigenin (−7.23 kcal/moL), tirandamycin-A (−8.70 kcal/moL), and 2’’-O-acetylrutin (−7.94 kcal/moL), each demonstrating significant binding affinity with different target proteins. In conclusion, apigenin and tirandamycin-A compounds demonstrate significant potential for the development of food-feed additives or pharmaceuticals to catalyze host health and address mastitis-causing pathogens in mammalian glands. This potential aligns with Lipinski’s rule of five and encompasses ADME properties, including physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and drug-likeness characteristics.