Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) seed coat (MBSC) is an underutilized by-product rich in vitexin and isovitexin, but its potential as a source of spray-dried functional powders has not been systematically evaluated. This study investigated the spray drying of MBSC extract using three structurally distinct polysaccharide-based carriers—maltodextrin, trehalose, and inulin—to compare their effects on process yield, powder quality, and the content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. Response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken design was employed to examine the influence of inlet temperature (130–160 °C) and carrier concentration. Maltodextrin provided the highest process yield (84.85%), while trehalose and inulin formulations exhibited stronger antioxidant activity, with the lowest DPPH IC₅₀ values of 0.096 mg/mL and 0.100 mg/mL, respectively (expressed per mg of spray-dried powder). Trehalose yielded the highest total phenolic content (TPC = 28.12 mg GAE/g extract) and acceptable flowability (Carr’s index = 20.72%). Inulin gave the highest total flavonoid content (TFC = 126.8 mg QE/g extract) but showed greater variability, attributed to its polymeric network and higher hygroscopicity. The RSM models showed high predictive accuracy for TPC (R² > 0.98) and DPPH antioxidant activity (R² ≈ 1.00). These findings offer a multi-objective optimization framework that links carrier structure to powder performance, providing practical guidance for selecting polysaccharide carriers in the development of spray-dried nutraceutical and functional food ingredients. However, direct measurement of encapsulation efficiency, particle morphology, and storage stability was beyond the scope of this study and warrants further investigation.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: The Thai traditional medicine “Ya‐Tard Aob‐Choei” (AC) is a polyherbal remedy used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Its traditional liquid dosage form has practical limitations, including inconsistent appearance and difficulties in handling and transportation. This study aimed to develop a chewable dosage form of AC with satisfactory physicochemical properties and to evaluate the retention of selected marker compounds, including gallic acid (GA), cinnamaldehyde (CMD), eugenol (EUG), and glycyrrhizic acid (GZ). Materials and Methods: Formulation studies were conducted to identify suitable excipients for the preparation of AC powder and chewable tablets, and the resulting formulations were evaluated for their physicochemical properties. A validated high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used to determine the selected marker compounds and compare the phytochemical profile of the developed formulation with liquid AC preparations, including a self‐prepared reference formulation and commercially available products. Results: The formulation containing maltodextrin DE 18 at an extract‐to‐carrier ratio of 1:2 exhibited optimal powder characteristics for tablet production, and isomalt was identified as an effective diluent–binder for the preparation of chewable tablets with satisfactory physicochemical properties. HPLC analysis revealed compound‐specific changes during conversion from the liquid‐to‐solid dosage form. GA was relatively well preserved (5.25 mg/dose), whereas EUG, CMD, and GZ decreased by approximately 99%, 35%, and 33%, respectively, compared with the self‐prepared liquid formulation (P7). Conclusion: A chewable AC tablet with satisfactory physicochemical properties was developed; however, conversion to the solid dosage form resulted in compound‐specific losses, particularly of EUG. Further process optimization is required to improve the retention of volatile and heat‐sensitive constituents. This formulation approach may nevertheless offer a pragmatic strategy for the development and standardization of other traditional Thai herbal medicines, although dedicated stability and sensory studies are needed to establish product stability and acceptability.

The venom of the Asian hornet (Vespa affinis) comprises a complex mixture of biologically active substances, including various enzymes such as phospholipase A and hyaluronidase; amines such as histamine, serotonin, and catecholamines; peptides such as mastoparan and vespakinin; and other components including acetylcholine and antigen 5. This complexity reflects the highly evolved nature of V. affinis as a venomous insect. The composition of animal venoms often exhibits a certain degree of variability, making the study of biogenic amines particularly intriguing. The objective of this research was to confirm and identify the presence of tetradecylamine in the venom of Vespa affinis using the scientific computational analysis software MetFrag. In addition, the study aimed to construct the biosynthetic pathway of this compound and to predict its potential biological roles. The predicted biosynthetic route of tetradecylamine suggested its possible involvement in antibacterial activity. Antibacterial assays were performed against four bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The results revealed that tetradecylamine exhibited notable inhibitory effects, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 2, 4, 8, and 4 µg/mL, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 2, 4, 8, and 4 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were conducted using penicillin-binding protein 2x (PBP2x, PDB ID: 5OIZ) as the target protein. Among eight tested ligands, streptomycin exhibited the highest binding affinity with a docking score of 64.76. In contrast, biogenic amines such as 2-phenylethylamine and tetradecylamine showed docking scores of 33.74 and 48.2, respectively. In the MurA protein (PDB ID: 3VCY), the biogenic amine ligand tetradecylamine exhibited a binding affinity comparable to that of certain reference drugs. Specifically, tetradecylamine achieved a GOLD score of 52.58, whereas ampicillin showed a higher score of 61.53. Notably, tetradecylamine demonstrated a higher binding affinity to the target protein compared with certain conventional antibiotics such as doxycycline and gentamycin.

The present study aimed to investigate the potential of three varieties of Thai pigmented rice, Dam-Mong (DM), Ma-led-Fai (MF), and Tubtim Chumphae (TC), as ingredients in cosmeceutical products because of their anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-melanogenic properties. The cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside anthocyanins in the 50% ethanolic rice extract were found to be between 16.02 and 16.24 mg/g and 1.83 and 2.24 mg/g, respectively. The three extracts exhibited low cytotoxicity toward dermal cells, with half-inhibitory concentrations (IC50) greater than 2,000 µg/mL. All rice extracts suppressed the production of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and decreased the levels of TGF-β1, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and CD40 in fibroblasts, suggesting the potential efficacy of the rice extract in exerting anti-inflammatory effects. Pretreatment with the MF extract significantly reduced matrix metallopeptidase-1 (MMP-1) levels and enhanced the production of procollagen (type I) genes in a dose-dependent manner, thereby inhibiting skin aging. Moreover, RT-PCR revealed that MF extract decreased tyrosinase enzyme activity and suppressed the production of tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1) and TRP-2, indicating its significant whitening properties. Facial serum containing the MF extract was subsequently prepared and applied to the faces of 20 women. The product markedly enhanced skin hydration, pigmentation, and elasticity, while diminishing wrinkles in the eye and cheek regions after four weeks of application. Moreover, the physical appearance of the serum did not changed after six months of storage and was recommended for storage at low temperatures. This suggests that MF extract has the potential to be used as a key ingredient in skincare products designed to improve the appearance and well-being of the skin.

Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. Subsp. debile (Roxb. ex Vaucher) Hauk (E. ramosissimum), exhibits anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities. However, identifying the key compounds exhibiting anti-tyrosinase effects and establishing effective protocols for their extraction have not been accomplished. Herein, we investigate and establish an effective extraction method and identify the key bioactive compounds responsible for tyrosinase inhibition. E. ramosissimum was extracted using the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method. The MCW4 extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀: 90.96 ± 0.515 µg/mL) and TPC (27.23 ± 1.180 mg of GAE/g-crude extract), while the MCW5 extract showed the strongest anti-tyrosinase activity (IC₅₀: 126.48 ± 6.668 µg/mL). LC-MS/MS analysis identified resveratrol isomers, protocatechuic acid, cis-ETRA acid, KF-3-GBS, 1-16:0-lysoPC, and 1-16:0-lysoPE as potential anti-tyrosinase compounds, detected only in MCW4 and MCW5 under the applied extraction and analytical conditions. Molecular docking indicated favorable predicted binding toward human tyrosinase (hTyr) for resveratrol isomers, KF-3-GBS, and 1-16:0-lysoPE. KF-3-GBS was uniquely detected in MCW5. These results suggest that MAE using a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:16 at 40 °C for 15 min produced an E. ramosissimum extract that exhibited strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Kaempferol-3-gentiobioside (KF-3-GBS) demonstrated favorable binding to hTyr in molecular docking analysis, supporting its potential role as a direct tyrosinase inhibitor.