This paper suggests that the idea of the breaking strength of the brittle material scale being equal to the length scale was abandoned in the dynamic model brittle failure experiments. The concept of the failure load intensity scale, and that the breaking strength of the brittle material scale is equal to the failure load intensity scale, was put forward for the first time. This paper proposes an equivalent dynamic failure model test for a concrete dam subjected to strong underwater shock waves caused by explosions to illustrate the use of the similarity relationship. Based on the differential equation of motion for an elastic medium, similarity constraints on the time and Poisson’s ratio for elastic motion are obtained. Moreover, the constraints on the concrete’s strength and load are selected to simulate damage that is approximately the same. The equivalent test is based on drop-hammer equivalent impact models and empirical formulas that describe underwater explosions for four types of explosives, and the maximum pressure, impulse, elastic modulus, and strength of the model and prototype materials are similar. Finally, the numerical simulation is performed with a FEM to test with reliability the similarity relationship. By comparing the failure mode and pressure from the model test and numerical simulation, it can be considered that the experimental theory and method are partially validated. The similarity relationship proposed in the present paper provides more options for the selection of the material in the model. The proposed prediction method makes pollution-free, cost-effective, and easily operated simulations available.

The water resource carrying capacity (WRCC) system comprises multiple complex and non-linear interactions related to society, economy, water resources, and the water environment. A comprehensive comprehension of its internal mechanisms is essential for the continual enhancement of the regional WRCC. This study concentrates on the temporal and spatial variability of the WRCC to investigate a method for dynamic successive assessment. Firstly, the pressure–state–response (PSR) framework is used to develop a systematic and causal indicator system. Then, the variable fuzzy pattern recognition (VFPR) model and an analytic hierarchy process—entropy (AHP-E) model are combined to successively and dynamically assess WRCC. The proposed method is applied to the dynamic successive assessment of WRCC in Hebei Province, and it is obtained that the poor water resource carrying capacity in Hebei Province is mainly due to the basic attribute of the decision on the water resource shortage, but Hebei Province actively adopts a variety of measures to save water and pressurize mining, which has made the province’s water resource carrying capacity tend to become better gradually. Simultaneously, a system dynamics model (SD) for water resource carrying capacity was established based on an analysis of the model structure. Moreover, three scenarios were designed, including existing continuation, high-efficiency water saving, and cross-regional water transfer. Subsequently, each scenario is further categorized into high- and low-speed economic development and population growth schemes. Afterward, simulations and predictions were conducted for a total of six schemes spanning from 2023 to 2030. The results indicate that if the current development model is adopted, the water resource carrying capacity will continue to maintain low levels. It was concluded that the high-speed development of the economy and population, the efficient water conservation, and the interbasin transfer scenario (scenario 2 with high speed) are the best choices for the sustainable development of water resources and social economy in Hebei.

A concrete plastic-damage model, the extended Drucker–Prager model for rockfill, and acoustic elements for water were introduced and applied to the impact fracture analysis of a concrete-faced rockfill dam–water three-dimensional system. The plastic-damage dynamic analysis process was used in combination with the concrete compressive and tensile damage model. The 223-m high Shuibuya concrete-faced rockfill dam was analyzed using an explicit integration. Numerical simulations of the damage threshold, rockfill modeling, and interface processing were conducted to research the effect of the anti-explosion performance that occurs when a concrete slab is subjected to an underwater shock wave. The simulation results indicate that the main regions of weakness in the slabs during an underwater shock wave are determined by the tensile damage. The slab’s anti-knock weak areas appear in the right dam abutment and the top of the left dam. The anti-knock performance in the upper slab is inferior to that of the lower slab. Specific local optimization steps should be applied at these locations to improve the slabs’ anti-knock capabilities, which are important for designing concrete-faced rockfill dams.

The aim of this study is to systematically investigate the influence of hydrophobic aerogel on the performance of aerogel cement-based expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation board (ACEPS board) under freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) and to predict its service life in four typical climate zones: Beijing, Harbin, Urumqi, and Nanjing. The effects of aerogel content on compressive strength, volumetric water absorption, thermal conductivity, and pore structure evolution of ACEPS were thoroughly analyzed through FTC testing. The results demonstrated that aerogel significantly reduced the volumetric water absorption of ACEPS due to its excellent hydrophobicity, thereby decreasing the compressive strength attenuation from 40% to 24%, suppressing the increase in thermal conductivity from 0.0130 to 0.0055 W/(m·K), and mitigating pore structure degradation. In the regional service life prediction, aerogel-modified ACEPS exhibited significantly improved freeze–thaw resistance in the cold climates of Harbin and Urumqi, as well as in the high freeze–thaw frequency environment of Beijing. Notably, specimens with high aerogel content demonstrated outstanding structural and functional durability. This study provides a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for incorporating aerogel in the optimized designs and applications of thermal insulation building materials in cold regions.