Lignocellulosic waste material serves as a considerable renewable feedstock that could be used to replace oil refineries with biorefineries.

This tutorial review focuses on the valorisation of biomass by sonochemical and mechanochemical activation.

Within a circular approach, cost-effective, tailored and robust biomass-derived catalysts to convert biomass play a key role in biorefinery developments.

Brookite positively affects solar photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and electrochemical applications by stabilizing photogenerated e ⁻ /h ⁺ pairs. Brookite-related heterojunctions, cus Ti atoms, surface acidity and redox behaviour are crucial aspects.