Objective: Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have shown reduced cortical thickness (CT) in individuals with ADHD, but this abnormality disappears with age, suggesting developmental delay. However, cross-sectional MRI studies have shown reduced CT, suggesting abnormal development. The aim of this study was to compare whole-brain CT in male and female children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD with whole-brain CT in matched control participants. Method: MRI scans were performed on ADHD and control participants. Results: CT data revealed differences in right hemisphere (RH) only. Reduced CT was observed predominantly in the frontoparietal region. However, increased CT was observed predominantly in the occipital lobe. The CT differences were correlated with severity of ADHD. Analysis of sex differences revealed that location, number, and magnitude of CT differences were different between males and females in each age group. Conclusion: These data support the hypothesis that anatomical abnormalities in ADHD represent abnormal development rather than developmental delay.

This paper analyzes a cohort of children diagnosed with congenital strabismus independent of the deviation direction, dissociated and non-dissociated, to identify anisocoria magnitude under scotopic conditions. This disease presents changes in the white matter affecting the nerve conduction in the cortical integrator, exacerbating the reflexes controlling pupil size, producing subtle changes in the pupil dimensions that are difficult to measure using current methods. The proposed indexes estimate the degree of anisocoria using the Feret diameter and the Pattern Pupil parameter. This research presents a prospective, transversal, and experimental study carried out on 168-Mexican children aged 5-15 years from Querétaro, México, diagnosed with dissociated and non-dissociated congenital strabismus. The utilized images come from videos of each patient recorded in scotopic lighting conditions (0.3 lux). The ophthalmologist measured the Feret diameters of both pupils using the ImageJ software. 11.9% of the sample group showed “Very significant,” and “Significant” degrees of anisocoria, whereas 88.1% of the sample group had “Non-significant,” and “Few significant” degrees of anisocoria. When comparing the results with those obtained using the perimeter, and the diameter, subtle variations of anisocoria were better detected using the area criterion. ANOVA experiments allowed the following: 1) dissociated and non-dissociated congenital strabismus identification using nidp index, and 2) the comparison of the anisocoria degrees identified by the nidp and Ddmm ≥0.4 mm indexes.

(2012). Dissociated Vertical Divergence. Strabismus: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 31-32. doi: 10.3109/09273972.2011.651769

A composition of the viscous opening and the lower leveling is introduced to extract brain in magnetic resonance imaging T1. The innovative transformation disconnects chained components and has better control on the reconstruction process of the marker inside of the original image. However, the sequential operator requires setting several parameters, making its application difficult. Due to this situation, a simplification is carried out on it to obtain a more practical method. The proposed morphological transformations were tested with the Internet Brain Segmentation Repository (IBSR) database, which is used as a benchmark among the community. The results are compared using the Jaccard and Dice indices with respect to (i) manual segmentations obtained from the IBSR, (ii) mean indices reported in the current literature, and (iii) segmentations obtained from the Brain Extraction Tool, since this is one of the most popular algorithms used for brain segmentation. The average indices of Jaccard and Dice indicate that the reduced transformation produces similar results to the other methods reported in the literature while the sequential operator presents a better performance.

Plasticity of the Visual Pathway and Neuroimaging | InTechOpen, Published on: 2013-02-20. Authors: M. Gallegos-Duarte, S. Moguel-Ancheita, J.D. Mendiola- Santibañez, et