Located in a semi-arid to arid region, Morocco is confronting increasing water scarcity challenges. In the circular economy paradigm, the reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture is currently considered a possible solution to mitigate water shortage and pollution problems. In recent years, Morocco has made significative progress in urban wastewater treatment under the National Wastewater Program (PNA). However, rural sanitation has undergone significant delays. Therefore, an alternative technology for wastewater treatment and reuse in rural areas is investigated in this review, considering the region’s economic, social, and regulatory characteristics. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are a simple, sustainable, and cost-effective technology that has yet to be fully explored in Morocco. CWs, indeed, appear to be suitable for the treatment and reuse of wastewater in remote rural areas if they can produce effluent that meets the standards of agricultural irrigation. In this review, 29 studies covering 16 countries and different types of wastewater were collected and studied to assess the treatment efficiency of different types of CWs under different design and operational parameters, as well as their potential application in agricultural reuse. The results demonstrated that the removal efficiency of conventional contamination such as organic matter and suspended solids is generally high. CWs also demonstrated a remarkable capacity to remove heavy metals and emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, care products, etc. The removal of microbial contamination, on the other hand, is challenging, and does not satisfy the standards all the time. However, it can be improved using hybrid constructed wetlands or by adding polishing treatment. In addition, several studies reported that CWs managed to produce effluent that met the requirements of wastewater reuse in agriculture of different countries or organisations including Morocco.

Constructed wetlands offer sustainable, decentralized solution for wastewater treatment and reuse in Morocco. This study evaluates and compares four advanced vertical flow constructed wetlands (AVFCWs) incorporating locally sourced reactive media, to evaluate phosphate mining residues as a novel substrate. AVFCWs were designed with different substrate combinations, of pozzolan, phosphate mining residues (CW-B), clay (CW-C), and biochar (CW-D), alongside a control system (CW-A). The systems were operated under hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 24, 48, and 72 hours corresponding to phase I, II and III respectively. Key water quality parameters in domestic wastewater were monitored, and evapotranspiration driven water losses were quantified. The results revealed that the use of reactive media significantly improved treatment efficiency, with CW-D achieving high removal efficiencies across most parameters. COD and TSS removal reached 80% and 88% respectively at 48h HRT, while nitrogen removal exceeded 82% in optimal configurations. CW-B achieved 76% phosphorus removal at 24h HRT, reaching 88% for CW-C at 72h. All AVFCWs exceeded 85% removal for heavy metals (Cu and Cd), with phosphate residues facilitating metal removal. On the other hand, faecal coliforms reached 3 Log reduction at an HRT of 24 h and decreased in subsequent phases, nevertheless exceeding Moroccan reuse limits. Extending hydraulic retention time improved the AVFCWs performance, but increased water loss (up to 28% at 72h) due to pronounced evapotranspiration in semi-arid to arid regions. Although all substrates demonstrated high performance, phosphate mining residues emerge as promising substrate pending further optimization, supporting circular economy objectives.

Constructed wetlands offer a sustainable, decentralized solution for wastewater treatment and reuse in Morocco. This study evaluated mesocosm-scale advanced vertical flow constructed wetlands (AVFCWs) incorporating locally sourced reactive media to assess phosphate mining residues as a novel substrate. Accordingly, four configurations were compared: a sand-based control (CW-A) and three amended systems combining pozzolan with phosphate mining residues (CW-B), clay (CW-C), and biochar (CW-D), operated in batch mode under hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 24, 48, and 72 h. The incorporation of reactive media significantly improved treatment efficiency, with CW-D achieving high removal efficiencies across most parameters. COD and TSS removal reached 80% and 88%, respectively, while nitrogen removal exceeded 82% in optimal configurations. Phosphorus removal reached 76% in CW-B and 88% in CW-C. The removal of Cd and Cu exceeded 85% in all systems, with phosphate mining residues demonstrating strong potential for metal immobilization. However, despite these high removal efficiencies, the treated effluent did not meet Moroccan reuse standards for cadmium and fecal coliforms, indicating that single-stage AVFCWs are insufficient for safe agricultural reuse and require additional polishing steps. Extended HRT improved AVFCWs’ performance, but increased water loss, reaching up to 28% due to evapotranspiration. Hence, phosphate mining residues emerge as a promising substrate, pending further optimization, while supporting circular economy objectives.