Objective: The objective of this study was a review to compile research on phytoremediation methods—including phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytostabilisation, phytodegradation, and phytovolatilisation—using primary sources to address heavy metal contamination in water. Theoretical Framework: The study is a basic investigation that includes a contextualization regarding the water issue, as well as the treatment of wastewater. A description of the characteristics and quality indicators of water was carried out, along with the importance of the removal of contaminants such as heavy metals using different technologies like phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization, phytodegradation, and phytovolatilization. This led to a detailed description of artificial wetland techniques as a viable and sustainable alternative. Method: The methodology adopted for this research includes data collection and compilation of existing information; regarding the different techniques related to wastewater treatment with artificial wetlands, these systems utilize natural processes involving vegetation, soil, and microbial activity to remove contaminants from water. More than 100 articles have been legally downloaded, and systematised in the database to paraphrase sentences and cite appropriately. Results and Discussion: Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly technical choice because of its low cost to remediate water and soil contamination through methods of phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytostabilisation, phytodegradation and phytovolatilisation for organic contaminants, pesticides, oil waste, heavy metals, antibiotics, etc. It is relevant to choose transgenic plant methods to insert DNA genes and conduct molecular mechanisms through experimental optimisation studies for lightened growth and hyperaccumulation of heavy metals, generating space for metal and biomass storage, and prior knowledge of the physiology and biochemical processes of the plants. Research Implications: The results can be applied or influence practices in environmental protection using Phytoremediation, which is based on a natural technique of plants and their microbiota associated with roots and tissues, endophytic bacteria as Aeromonas sp, Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Chryseomonas sp, Curtobacterium sp, Sphingomonas sp, Erwinia sp, Flavimonas sp retain contaminants. On the other hand, aquatic macrophytes such as Lemna spp, Typha spp, Potamogeton spp, Azolla filiculoides, Ceratophyllum demersm, Eichhornia crassipes, and Phragmites australis constitute an effective and feasible complementary alternative for the treatment of contaminated waters. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature There are different phytoremediation methods such as phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytostabilisation, phytodegradation, and hytovolatilisation for organic contaminants, pesticides, petroleum waste, heavy metals, pharmaceutical antibiotics, etc. Each of the elements has specific applications depending on the conditions of the place and the type of contaminants in an ecosystem.

This study aimed to quantify the carbon footprint of the National University of Juliaca (UNAJ) for the year 2023, in order to identify the main sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and provide a foundation for implementing sustainable policies. The methodology was based on the greenhouse gas inventory approach outlined in ISO 14064-1, applying the operational control method to measure both direct and indirect emissions. Data on energy consumption, transportation, and purchased goods and services were collected using digital tools and surveys, and emissions were calculated in metric tons of CO₂ equivalent (tCO₂e). The results indicate that UNAJ’s total carbon footprint in 2023 was 1,461.03 tCO₂e, with per capita emissions of 0.47 tCO₂e per person. The main sources of emissions were transportation, accounting for 75.88% of total emissions, followed by the consumption of goods and services (14.29%) and energy use (5.12%). Despite limitations in solid waste management, the study makes a valuable contribution to the development of sustainability strategies, emphasizing the urgent need for sustainable mobility policies, energy efficiency measures, and the adoption of responsible procurement practices. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of achieving carbon neutrality at UNAJ as a key objective in mitigating its environmental impact. The findings provide relevant insights from the Peruvian context and offer a basis for analyzing emissions at local universities, with practical implications for enhancing environmental management in higher education institutions.

Water scarcity in the Peruvian Altiplano demands irrigation strategies that optimise water use without compromising agricultural productivity. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of drip irrigation and micro-sprinkler irrigation on the agronomic development, water balance, and yield of Chinese garlic (Allium sativum L.) in the community of Challapujo, Ilave, Puno, during the 2021–2022 growing season. Six plots were evaluated under two localised irrigation treatments: T-1 (drip) and T-2 (micro-sprinkler). The irrigation scheduling was based on a daily water balance, accounting for evapotranspiration, precipitation, effective root depth, and soil moisture thresholds. The soil exhibited analogous hydro-physical characteristics across treatments, with a bulk density of 1.28 g cm⁻³, a field capacity of 20.31%, and a permanent wilting point of 10.33% for T-1 and values of 1.31 g cm⁻³, 19.99%, and 10.16%, respectively, for T-2. The C-factor was calculated based the actual volume applied and the effectively wetted area, estimated at 80% for drip irrigation and close to 100% for micro-sprinklers. During the 190-day growing period, 84 effective irrigation events and a cumulative precipitation of 424.30 mm were recorded. Treatment T-1 required 1099.98 min of irrigation and applied 223.87 mm, whereas T-2 required 1280.75 min and 346.76 mm; this represented an absolute saving of 122.89 mm and a 35.5% reduction in favour of drip irrigation. Nevertheless, no significant differences were observed regarding to plant height, pseudostem diameter, leaf length, pre-bulbing stage, number of leaves, or yield—with values of 14.70 t ha⁻¹ for T-1 and 14.83 t ha⁻¹ for T-2. In conclusion, both systems yielded equivalent agronomic results, but drip irrigation demonstrated superior water-use efficiency, making it a technically favourable alternative for high-Andean production systems with limited water availability.