Background: High blood pressure is an important public health concern and the leading risk factor for global mortality and morbidity. To assess the implications of this condition, we aimed to review the existing literature and study the factors that are significantly associated with hypertension in the Pakistani population.Methods: We conducted several electronic searches in PubMed, ISI Web of Science, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Scopus, Elsevier, and manually searched the citations of published articles on hypertension from May 2019 to August 2019. We included all studies that examined factors associated with hypertension regardless of the study design. To assess the quality of the research, we used the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. We also conducted meta-analyses using the DerSimonian & Laird random-effects model to collate results from at least three studies.Results: We included 30 cross-sectional and 7 case-control studies (99,391 participants country-wide) in this review and found 13 (35.1%) to be high-quality studies. We identified 5 socio-demographic, 3 lifestyle, 3 health-related, and 4 psychological variables that were significantly associated with hypertension. Adults aged between 30–60 years who were married, living in urban areas with high incomes, used tobacco, had a family history of hypertension, and had comorbidities (overweight, obesity, diabetes, anxiety, stress, and anger management issues) were positively associated with hypertension. On the other hand, individuals having high education levels, normal physical activity, and unrestricted salt in their diet were negatively associated with hypertension.Conclusion: We found several socio-demographic, lifestyle, health-related, and psychological factors that were significantly (positively and negatively) associated with hypertension. Our findings may help physicians and public health workers to identify high-risk groups and recommend appropriate prevention strategies. Further research is warranted to investigate these factors rigorously and collate global evidence on the same.

In this study, we investigate a (3+1)-dimensional generalized nonlinear wave equation modeling bubbly liquid systems using the non-classical symmetry method. Distinct classes of symmetries are identified and systematically categorized, leading to a variety of novel and exact solutions. Beyond the analytical results, we conduct a comprehensive dynamical analysis, including bifurcation structures, equilibrium points, and chaotic behavior. Chaos diagnostics are carried out using phase portraits, Poincaré maps, power spectra, Lyapunov exponents, bifurcation diagrams, and return maps. The novelty of this study lies in deriving previously unreported families of exact solutions for the (3+1)-dimensional bubbly liquid wave equation through non-classical symmetries, and in coupling these analytical findings with a systematic bifurcation and chaos analysis. This combined framework provides new insights into the nonlinear dynamics of bubbly liquids that have not been addressed in earlier studies. The findings reveal new families of exact solutions and complex nonlinear behaviors, offering valuable insights into the transition mechanisms between ordered and chaotic phases in wave propagation within bubbly liquids.