Sustainable development is the ultimate objective of the nations around the world, and the adoption of development strategies is the driving force for obtaining long-run economic growth, environmental protection and social inclusion. On other hand, globalization integrates the countries around the globe economically, politically and socially. Thus, it is vital to conduct a study on the impact of globalization on sustainable development in Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries, as most of the countries are in a transition state from socialism to capitalism and are opening their doors to the world. Globalization comprises three main components, which are economic, political and social. Henceforth, this study investigates the effect of economic globalization, political globalization and social globalization on sustainable development. Energy has been highlighted in the literature and received attention from researchers as a factor of income and environmental quality; thus, it is added as a control variable in this study. The long-run relationships among variables are established through panel cointegration once the order of integration is determined. This study finds a positive and significant effect of economic globalization and political globalization on sustainable development, whereas energy consumption is deteriorating in CIS countries. Policy implications are recommended.

Pakistan’s is relentlessly affected by climate change and is looking for foreign assistant to deal with climate change challenges. Also, Pakistan is trying to tackle with climate change domestically. Environmental degradation consequently leads to climate change domestically as well as globally. Environmental degradation is extensively studied in empirical literature. Efficient use of resources only can ensure to lessen environmental degradation and its effects in terms of climate change. Henceforth, the current empirical study is analyzing the impact of energy intensity and financial institutions efficiency on environmental degradation in Pakistan. The energy intensity is considered as a factor of environmental degradation as it is one of the proxy for energy efficiency. Moreover, for overall economic activities impact on environmental degradation, this study considered GDP as a control variable. The time series techniques such as unit root and bounds cointegration techniques are applied for non-stationarity, cointegration and results estimates. The result of this study documented that energy intensity, financial institutions efficiency and GDP are factors of environmental degradation and energy intensity and GDP are aggravating environmental degradation whereas financial institutions efficiency has abstained it in Pakistan.

Climate change has marked its effects on Pakistan in form of different problems like floods, droughts, change in crop patterns, heat waves, changes in weather conditions and health issues. One of the reason of climate change is environmental degradation that’s why several studies are conducted in case of Pakistan to examine the factors of environmental degradation. This study also explores the factors of environmental degradation for Pakistan and is unique study as so for none of the empirical studies conducted in context of Pakistan analyzed the effect of economic structure on environmental degradation. So, the prime objective of this study is to explore the impact of economic structure on environmental degradation. The economic structure for Pakistan’s economy is being captured through agriculture, industrial and service sector over the years. As energy and trade openness grab attention from researchers in examining factors of environmental degradation thus; energy consumption and trade openness are introduced in the study model as control variables. Once order of integration of time series data is determined, long run relationship is found through bound testing approach. Agricultural and service sector are found to have negative impact on environmental degradation but; service sector has insignificant effect on environmental degradation. The industrial sector is aggravating environmental degradation in long run but; is abstaining environmental degradation in short run. Hence; the different effect of industrial sector on environmental degradation in long run and short run is providing the opportunity for policy makers to come up with different policy measure for long run and short run. Energy is found to have positive and significant effect on environmental degradation in both time spans whereas trade openness has negative and significant effect on environmental degradation in long run. Policy implications are suggested on basis of findings of this study for Pakistan.

This study investigates the impact of terrorism on international trade among SAARC countries over the period 1990 to 2022. the study used international trade as a dependent variable, while Terrorism, GDP, Exchange rate and Real-world GDP are independent variables. Before going toward cointegration tests, the study used unit root tests and concluded that some variables were stationary at the level while others were stationary at the level. Unit root test results suggested using the PMG-ARDL model to estimate the long and short-run impact among variables. GDP positively correlates with trade, suggesting that economic growth encourages trade activities; exchange rate fluctuations have mixed effects depending on the appreciation or depreciation of the currency; and real-world GDP changes have a positive spillover effect on trade within the SAARC region and a significant positive impact on terrorism. Government policymakers should consider the issues of terrorism, insecurity, and law to reduce investor skepticism and fully actualize the potential of their trade hosting.

This paper’s core objective is to examine China's and India's economic development considering their inclusion into the world economy specifically in terms of trade. We start out by going over some basic facts about their recent economic growth, the biggest institutional changes that have been made, especially regarding trade relations and how those changes have affected their economic development. We analyzed the comparison & characteristics with the patterns for said both nations to provide a brief analysis of the growth of economies, economic startups, and value of trade. We have additionally computed several econometric associations between trade openness and economic growth, incorporating as the variables under consideration such gross fixed capital formation. To analyze the causal relationships, we focused upon the fixed effects model by 2SLS. Even when we treat Openness and FDI as endogenous variables, our results are nevertheless supported since their effects on economic growth are positive and statistically significant across all parameters. The results indicate that how opening and integrating into the global market has benefited both countries' economies. Observe how the recent global crisis was initially mitigated by the strong growth of these two "giants," which is currently supporting the revival of the global economy.