Sustainable development is the ultimate objective of the nations around the world, and the adoption of development strategies is the driving force for obtaining long-run economic growth, environmental protection and social inclusion. On other hand, globalization integrates the countries around the globe economically, politically and socially. Thus, it is vital to conduct a study on the impact of globalization on sustainable development in Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries, as most of the countries are in a transition state from socialism to capitalism and are opening their doors to the world. Globalization comprises three main components, which are economic, political and social. Henceforth, this study investigates the effect of economic globalization, political globalization and social globalization on sustainable development. Energy has been highlighted in the literature and received attention from researchers as a factor of income and environmental quality; thus, it is added as a control variable in this study. The long-run relationships among variables are established through panel cointegration once the order of integration is determined. This study finds a positive and significant effect of economic globalization and political globalization on sustainable development, whereas energy consumption is deteriorating in CIS countries. Policy implications are recommended.

Tourists play a vital role in the development of sustainable tourism by boosting the local economy, preserving culture, and reducing environmental degradation. However, tourists’ decisions to visit destinations and promote sustainable tourism are influenced by reliable infrastructure, safety, security, and trust in institutions. A well-developed infrastructure, a peaceful environment, and efficient tourism management encourage tourism and sustainability. Therefore, this research examines the effect of tourism, infrastructure, institutions, and place attachment on sustainable tourism. Additionally, the study examines the role of infrastructure, institutions, and place attachment on tourists’ satisfaction in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Primary data were collected through surveys and Google forms from five tourist districts, Swat, Abbottabad, Mansehra, Upper Dir, and Lower Dir of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A total of 250 responses were collected from tourists using a proportionate random sampling technique. The data were analyzed using the partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. The results show that place attachment and tourist satisfaction positively affect sustainable tourism, while infrastructure, place attachment, and trust in institutions positively affect tourist satisfaction. Furthermore, sustainable tourism was more influenced by tourist satisfaction, and tourist satisfaction was more influenced by trust in institutions and infrastructure. The study also confirmed that infrastructure mediates the relationship between trust in institutions and sustainable tourism and between trust in institutions and tourist satisfaction. The study provides valuable insight to policymakers in assessing tourists’ behavior and sustainable tourism.

Sri Lanka is an island and is becoming an attractive tourist destination in South Asia. It has famous beaches, mountainous regions, many colonise features, UNESCO world heritage sites, wild life, traditional festivals, and unparalleled climate generate extra topographies to attract more and more international tourists. However, Sri Lanka is badly affected by terrorism. Henceforth, this study examines the impact terrorism on inbound tourism along with other important factors, for instance, FDI and World GDP. Long run estimates are obtained through DOLS after confirmation of cointegration. World GDP and FDI have positive effect on tourism. Terrorism has negative impact on inbound tourism in Sri Lanka. The tourism in Sri Lanka remained stagnant between 1978 and 2009 because of terrorism. Since 2009, there is sharped increase in tourism arrivals as a result of remarkable decrease in terrorism activities. Results of VECM confirmed causality from terrorism to tourism. This finding revealed that terrorism is badly affecting tourism in Sri Lanka. Similarly, terrorism is affecting FDI inflows to Sri Lanka. Moreover, these results confirmed that tourism and FDI are engaged in complementary effect with each other. If Sri Lanka enabled itself well to maintain peace in country its effect will be multiple. Elimination of terrorism will improve tourism development which in turn will bring economic development as travel and tourism industry contributes 11.1 % to GDP, and 10 % to country employment. Similarly, better security situation will also help in attracting more FDI. Besides this, FDI and private investment has to be encouraged to build new hotel rooms to accommodate influx of tourists.