The agricultural sector is considered one of the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. The livestock industry as a significant contributor, is accounting for about 18% of GHG emissions measured in carbon dioxide (CO₂) equivalent from agricultural practices. Depending on farming practices and climatic conditions, GHGs such as methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from livestock agriculture can vary significantly. Country-specific emission factors are, therefore, needed for a precise estimation of GHG emissions and to avoid uncertainties. This study was aimed at estimating the CH₄ and N₂O emission fluxes from Hanwoo (the most famous and popular Korean native cattle) manure management systems. CH₄ and N₂O emission fluxes from litter in the Hanwoo cattle barn and composting lot were monitored and calculated for 52 weeks using the dynamic chamber method. The calculated monthly average fluxes of CH₄ and N₂O from litter in the cattle barn ranged from 0.0 to 30.0 ± 13.7 and 0.896 ± 0.557 to 2.925 ± 2.853 μg/m² s, respectively during the whole measurement period. While during the composting period, the monthly average of CH₄ and N₂O emission fluxes were varied from 1.449 ± 0.783 to 86.930 ± 19.092 and 0.511 ± 0.410 to 2.629 ± 1.105 μg/m² s, respectively. The calculated emission fluxes of CH₄ and N₂O from manure management systems in this study were almost 5.4 and 2.1 times, respectively higher than the values reported for the Asian, South and North American countries in the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Overall, this study initiates the process along with signifies the importance of developing country-specific GHG inventories for the effective reduction of GHG emissions from the livestock sector in Korea.

Commercial broilers have a short production cycle and a high requirement for energy (3000 kcal/kg in starter phase and 3200 kcal/kg in finisher phase). Therefore, the need to add energy rich lipids to their diet is inevitable. Digestibility of fat depends on its multiple properties: chain length, the composition of fatty acids, ratio of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids and free fatty acids. The high cost of vegetable oils and less availability due to their consumption in human diet are the main reasons for searching for cheaper alternative fat sources. Animal oils like poultry and fish oil are the by-product of rendering plants and after refining, they are used in poultry diets as an energy source. Due to presence of impurities and free fatty acids, the digestibility of animal fat is lower. There is a limited amount of bile acids and lipase available during early age and when birds are reared on high energy diet (finisher phase). Supplementation of emulsifier or lipase in broilers’ diet increase fat utilisation. Emulsifiers increase fat digestibility by increasing active surface area of lipid droplets. Lysolecithin and lysophospholipids are produced from hydrolyses of lecithin and phospholipids by phopholipase A2. The bile acids are mainly composed of cholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid and have strong emulsification properties. Triacylglyceryl acylase (lipase) is an enzyme involved in catalysis and the hydrolysis of lipids. It can be concluded that use of emulsifier and lipase in broiler diet improves growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal histology in broilers.

Journal of Animal Science and Technology (JAST) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal publishing original research, review articles and notes in all fields of animal science. Topics covered by the journal include: genetics and breeding, physiology, nutrition of monogastric animals, nutrition of ruminants, animal products (milk, meat, eggs and their by-products) and their processing, grasslands and roughages, livestock environment, animal biotechnology, animal behavior and welfare.

Journal of Animal Science and Technology (JAST) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal publishing original research, review articles and notes in all fields of animal science. Topics covered by the journal include: genetics and breeding, physiology, nutrition of monogastric animals, nutrition of ruminants, animal products (milk, meat, eggs and their by-products) and their processing, grasslands and roughages, livestock environment, animal biotechnology, animal behavior and welfare.

Recent days, feed biotechnology is creating land mark differences among traditional and sustainable poultry formulations. Biotechnology is now enables us to incorporate useful additives in broilers ration like enzymes, probiotics and more absorbable mineral sources. Individual effect of each additive had been explored extensively but combined effect of chelated minerals, enzymes and probiotics was studied in this research for sustainable broiler production. The purpose of present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of Nutri biyo® (Nb) on different growth and physiological parameters in broilers. A total of 240 day-old chicks were randomly divided into 4 treatments having 6 replicates each (10 birds per replicate). The treatments were T0 (basal diet), T1 (basal diet + 0.5 g Nb), T2 (basal diet + 1 g Nb) and T3 (basal diet + 1.5 g Nb). During starter, finisher and overall duration, growth performance was improved in group receiving the highest inclusion of Nb. Furthermore, total tract nutrient digestibility, immune organ index and meat quality (springiness, chewiness, adhesiveness, compression, shear force and hardness values, ) were observed significant (p < 0.05) in birds fed with 1.5 g of Nb as compared to control group on both 21st and 35th day. Antibody titers, carcass characteristics (carcass, thigh, heart, gizzard, back and proventriculus percentages), ileal digestibility (crude protein, dry matter, and ether extract) and bone measurements (tibia length, weight, wall thickness, and structural indicators) were improved (p < 0.05) by T3 group. Hematological parameters such as hemoglobin, packed cell volume, lymphocyte and red blood cell counts revealed significant increases in birds fed 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg. Other hematological parameters, crude fiber (ileal) digestibility, breast, liver, wings and pancreas weights remained unchanged. These findings suggest Nutri Biyo^® at 1.5 g dose level as an effective feed additive for improving overall broiler performance.

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the efficacy of phytobiotic supplementation (PS), consisting on Allium sativum, Calendula officinalis, Echinacea purpurea, Emblica officinalis, Ocimum sanctum, powdered American ginseng, Withania somnifera active ingredients, on growth performance, acquired immunity, blood metabolites, carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility of broiler birds. Two hundred and sixty, day-old broiler chicks (Ross-308) were divided into five treatments (T0; 0, T1; 0.75, T2; 1, T3; 1.25 and T4; 1.5 mL L-1 concentrations of PS in drinking water, respectively. Broiler growth performance was recorded weekly. Two birds from each replicate were slaughtered on day 21st and 35th to evaluate antibody titers, immune organ index (thymus, bursa and spleen). Samples for blood metabolites, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and bone mineralization were collected on the 35th day. Collected data was analyzed using analysis of variance under a completely randomized design. PS had improved (P