Digital twin (DT) technology has garnered increasing attention across various sectors, particularly in the construction and road infrastructure domains. To fully realize its potential and systematically apply it in practice, adherence to a formalized approach is necessary. However, numerous DT-related standards and models currently exist, creating uncertainty in the selection of appropriate frameworks. Moreover, no widely accepted standard or reference model has yet been developed in the field of road infrastructure management. Therefore, this study examined the current standards and models employed in the adoption and implementation of DTs in road infrastructure management, focusing on their dimensions (layers) and functional components. A bottom-up approach was adopted by comprehensively reviewing the existing literature on road networks, bridges, tunnels, and other civil infrastructures and urban DTs. Ultimately, a DT framework was developed, comprising five core layers with their respective components and functionalities, to facilitate network-level integrated road infrastructure management. Moreover, the proposed framework’s implementation scenario enhances its applicability in the field. Overall, this study provides valuable insights for researchers and practitioners involved in DT implementation in infrastructure management and supports future standardization efforts in this domain.

In practice, road management data are typically managed in two-dimensional (2D) geospatial forms. However, 2D geographic information system (GIS)-based road infrastructure management data have limitations in their representation of complex roads, such as interchanges, bridges, and tunnels. As such, complex and large road network management data cannot be adequately managed in a 2D GIS-based form. This study discusses the use of the LandInfra standard for road infrastructure management in Korea, considering its focus on land and civil engineering infrastructure facilities. To facilitate the transition from 2D to 3D GIS, we analyzed existing road management models of road pavement and road register information and created Unified Modeling Language (UML) class diagrams depicting these models. Then, existing road management classes and LandInfra classes were mapped. Based on the results, we propose a road management model based on the Facility, Alignment, and Road parts of LandInfra. For its implementation, several classes of the proposed data model were encoded into InfraGML using real-world data input. Taken together, this study shows how the LandInfra standard can be extended and applied to the field of road infrastructure management in Korea, supporting the transition from a 2D to a 3D GIS-based model.

Digital twin (DT) is an emerging technology gaining traction across various industries. However, its development and application in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry remain in their early stage, lagging considerably behind other sectors. This is primarily attributed to the challenges facing the AEC industry, including digital transformation and the lack of formal standards for DT implementation. This study aims to contribute to the conceptualization of DT planning—the early stage of the DT lifecycle—focusing on the road transportation sector, particularly road physical twin planning within the AEC industry. To achieve this, we reviewed the relevant literature defining DT planning. We also examined stakeholders’ relevant guidelines and documents from national bodies that roadmap the road DT planning process to understand the scope and identify knowledge gaps. Based on the findings, mapping the existing road planning process to the constituents of road DT planning was performed for the applicable planning steps. Finally, we proposed a five-layered road DT planning framework that will roadmap future implementations comprising data acquisition, data processing, data modeling and algorithms, data analysis and control, and a service layer plus users. In addition, a case study is incorporated to validate the feasibility of the framework toward applying it further in practice.

Modern land/property valuation practice requires three-dimensional (3D) valuation, which is crucial to better valuate and assess values of property units. However, conventional land/property valuation systems primarily exist in 2D form, which hinders the accurate valuation of buildings, condominiums and land. The present study introduces the first step toward establishing an advanced land/property valuation system in Mongolia, where it is urgent to meet such requirements. We examined relevant Mongolian geospatial standards and documents, those related to land valuation (i.e., cadastral parcels and buildings), and a valuation information model, which is based on the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), with the aim of developing an LADM Valuation Information Model country profile for Mongolia. After the in-depth analysis of the data model of both the LADM Valuation Information Model and the national geospatial relevant standards, we proposed the LADM Valuation Information Model country profile as a conceptual model. Our study results demonstrate how the LADM Valuation Information Model can be adapted to the Mongolian land administration system. Our findings can be used to serve a reference data model to construct 3D land/property valuation systems for efficient valuation of land (e.g., mass appraisal) and taxation purposes.

Most countries have considered the adoption of the international standard ISO 19152—Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) mostly for the improvement of their cadastral systems in the context of developing the 3D cadastre. However, the adoption of LADM is yet to be considered in Mongolia. The aim of the study is to create an LADM-based cadastral data model–Country profile for Mongolia, presenting how the standard can be tailored to the cadastral systems based on an understanding of current legal and systematic requirements. We conducted this study by taking steps to understand the current cadastral system in Mongolia, the implementation of the LADM Country profile, and the LADM conformance test for the developed model. The LADM Country profile has been created based on two parts–Administrative and Spatial. The developed country profile conformed to all classes from the low and medium levels and several classes from the high level of the Abstract Test Suite provided by the standard. In addition, we provide object-instance diagrams to help understand how the developed model can be applied to real situations. The study results will be used when considering the adoption of the standard and moving towards fulfilling modern cadastral requirements (e.g., multi-dimensional cadastres) in Mongolia.