Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia (PVL) presents a unique manifestation of Oral Leukoplakia, characterized by its notable propensity for rapid advancement, dynamic clinical and histopathological alterations, and heightened risk of malignant transformation. The present systematic review explores the demographic characteristics, risk factors, progression patterns, treatment preferences, and outcomes for PVL lesions that undergo malignant transformation. An electronic search was executed across various databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Wiley Online Library from 1985 to December 2023, focusing on studies of PVL malignant transformation. Data on demographics, clinical features, treatment, and outcome data were synthesized, with bias assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute Criteria and outcomes evaluated using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version (CMA) 3.0 software. Among 998 articles, 53 met inclusion criteria, covering 1159 PVL patients, with 48.4% experiencing malignant transformation over an average 6.28 ± 3.73—year follow-up. Most cases had low or moderate bias risk. In the malignant group, females comprised 74.3% of cases, with a mean age of 66.23 ± 7.76 years and had a 1.96 times greater risk of developing cancer (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.38—2.782; p = 0.001). Gingiva (20%) and gingiva/buccal mucosa (17.4%) were commonly affected. Tobacco and alcohol showed weak associations, with most patients being non-smokers (59.54%) and non-drinkers (78.18%). HPV and candida infection positivity were tested in only a few studies and noted in a limited number of cases (33.3% and 38.46%, respectively). Malignant transformation mainly was invasive carcinoma (86.8%). Surgery was the primary treatment (58.33%), with 55.56% recurrence in 162 cases of data availability on recurrence. Of 228 patients with data availability, 33.77% succumbed to oral cancer from PVL-related oral cancer. PVL, a rare variant of leukoplakia, poses a significant risk of cancer, emphasizing the need for vigilant monitoring and proactive treatment. It mainly affects elderly females without typical cancer risk factors. Understanding its etiology could aid early detection and management.

Objective: To report clinical case series of cleft lip with or without palate (CL/P) and to estimate the prevalence of infants with CL/P who were syndromic or nonsyndromic. Design: This is a clinical case series study of CL/P among live births in the maternity hospital. Setting: The study was carried out in Maternity and Children Hospital, Najran between January 2013 and December 2016. Materials and Methods: Sex and clinical presentation of CL/P were collected from the medical records of live births. Clinical presentations were identified by type of CL/P and stratified according to laterality of occurrence. The data were analyzed using (SPSS) program, version 20. Results were presented in simple descriptive statistics. Main Outcome: Prevalence of CL/P in the Najran region of Saudi Arabia was 0.65 per 1000 live births (95% CI: 0.650 [0.389-1.092]). Cleft lip and palate was the commonest clinical presentation. Result: Of 24 367 live birth, 16 were classified as having CL/P. The overall frequency of CL/P was 0.65/1000 live births (95% CI: 0.650 [0.389-1.092]). There were 10 males and 5 females. Infant sex cannot be established in 1 case. Two (12.5%) patients had cleft lip, 4 (25%) had isolated cleft palate, and 10 (62.5%) had combined CL/P. Nine (56.25%) neonates were cases of nonsyndromic CL/P, while 7 (43.75%) were cases of syndromic CL/P. Conclusions: Prevalence rate of 0.65 per 1000 live births over 4-year period was observed at (95% CI: 0.650 [0.389-1.092]). Cleft lip with or without palate was the commonest clinical presentation.

Objective: This study was designed to find out risk indicators for the development of orofacial clefts (OFCs) in the Southern Province of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study carried out in a maternity hospital from January 2013 to December 2016. Data including child sex, type and site of cleft, birth weight and birth month (season), parents' age at the time of their child's birth, paternal and maternal habits, parental consanguinity, and family history of OFCs were obtained. The data were processed and analyzed using SPSS software, Version 20. Results: Overall prevalence of OFCs in the study population was 0.65/1000 live births. There were 10 males, 5 females, and 1 ambiguous sexual orientation. Of the 16 OFC patients, 9 (56.25%) were classified as having syndromic OFCs (SOFCs) and 7 (43.75%) as having non-SOFCs (NSOFCs). Cleft lip and cleft lip/palate both had strong family history of OFCs. Similarly, the phenotype of OFCs and the presence of syndromic or NSOFCs did not show a relationship with paternal smoking habits during pregnancy. No relationship was reported between parental consanguinity with the presence of these factors. However, results showed that 13 (81.3%) out of 16 identified cases of OFC had background consanguinity. Conclusion: Prevalence of OFC in the current study was within reported range, consanguinity was observed in 81.3% of identified cases. Further research is paramount in the role of consanguinity in OFC in Arabian population.

Objective: The present immunohistochemical investigation attempted to evaluate the concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as a prospective DNA damage biomarker in primary oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients compared to healthy tissues to analyse the immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining intensity levels across different histopathological levels of OSCC. Materials and Methods: The control group consisted of tissue samples from the normal mucosa (n = 10). The study groups consisted of tissue blocks sourced from patients with primary OSCC (n = 55). The principal antibody utilised was 8-OHdG Antibody, and a control specimen was treated identically to the OSCC group but treated in non-immune serum rather than the primary antibody. The data were estimated using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0. The Fisher’s exact test was employed to examine the variations between the sample groups at a 5% significance level. Results: The OSCC group had 20 well-differentiated (WD), 20 moderately differentiated (MD), and 15 poorly differentiated (PD) samples. Compared to normal tissue samples, a marked elevation of 8-OHdG antigen production was observed in OSCC tissue samples (P < 0.0001). The WD cohort showed moderate expression of the 8-OHdG antigen in 50%, mild in 30%, and intense in 20%. In MD samples, 5% showed intense expression, moderate in 55%, and mild staining in 40%. In PD samples, 46.67% showed mild and moderate 8-OHdG expression, whereas 6.66% showed intense expression. However, the difference was insignificant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The Oxidative stress (OS) marker 8-OHdG has higher concentrations in the tissue samples with OSCC than in healthy tissues and serves as a predictive biomarker for OSCC.

Introduction: Periodontal diseases (gingivitis and periodontitis) are one of the main concerns for oral health affecting around 20%–50% of the world population. Aims: The aim of this study was to formulate a predictive model for periodontal diseases in a selected population. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based analytical study was carried out. Seven hundred male patients having different forms of periodontal diseases were included to explore the common features and possible risk factors related to periodontal diseases. Chi-squared test and t -test were performed for univariate analysis, and binary logistic regression model was adapted for multivariate analysis using SPSS v23. Results and Discussion: Four hundred and seventy (67%) and 230 (33%) patients suffered from gingivitis and periodontitis, respectively. The mean age of patients with periodontitis (37.17 ± 11.52 years) was significantly higher than those with gingivitis (26.04 ± 10.83 years). Univariate analysis showed that plaque and calculus had statistically significant relationship with gingivitis 451 (72%). Systemic diseases 18 (72%) and patients' habits 39 (76%) had statistically significant relationship with periodontitis ( P < 0.05). A logistic regression model was formulated including age, risk factors, and nationality. The model was tested, and its sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for detecting periodontal diseases were equal to 83.3%, 67.2%, and 78.0%, respectively. Conclusions: This model had a good fit and explained a significant proportion of variance in the outcome variable (periodontitis) R ² = 0.40, (χ ² (9) = 238.32, P < 0.001).