Background: Obesity is a growing public health concern worldwide, and Saudi Arabia faces rising rates of obesity-related conditions, including diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Bariatric surgery is a recognized treatment for severe obesity, offering significant health benefits. This study evaluates the Saudi population’s awareness and attitudes towards bariatric surgery, examining knowledge levels, perceptions, and potential barriers. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among adults in Riyadh using convenience and snowball sampling. The survey included demographic data, awareness of obesity and bariatric surgery, attitudes towards the procedure, perceived barriers, and willingness to consider surgery. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: Among 313 participants (mean BMI 26.98 kg/m²), 41.9% identified obesity as a disease, and 48.9% recognized the effectiveness of bariatric surgery for severe obesity. Knowledge scores averaged 4.08 (out of 5) for obesity and 3.28 (out of 6) for bariatric surgery. Significant associations were found between bariatric surgery knowledge and gender (p < 0.001), BMI (p = 0.004), income (p = 0.025), and educational level (p = 0.001). While 71.2% would not consider surgery, misconceptions about risks, stigma, and cost remain common barriers. Conclusions: Although awareness of bariatric surgery in Saudi Arabia is moderate, misconceptions about safety and financial constraints persist. Public education campaigns are necessary to dispel myths, improve understanding, and promote bariatric surgery as a viable treatment option for severe obesity. Expanding insurance coverage and financial support may also enhance accessibility and adoption of this life-saving intervention.