Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are highly prevalent conditions with significant global health impacts. OSA affects 17–34% of middle-aged adults, while more than 10 million worldwide have PD. Clinical studies demonstrate a bidirectional relationship, with the OSA prevalence being higher among PD patients suggesting that hypoxia and sleep fragmentation contribute to worsening motor and cognitive symptoms. Conversely, PD-associated neurodegeneration impairs respiratory control, exacerbating OSA. Diagnostic differentiation is particularly challenging due to overlapping symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, cognitive decline, and autonomic dysfunction. Emerging neuromodulation therapies, including deep brain stimulation and hypoglossal nerve stimulation, show dual therapeutic potential. The interplay between OSA and PD draws attention to the need for integrated diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Additional longitudinal studies to evaluate their cause–effect relationship and identify neuroimaging and biochemical biomarkers to elucidate novel pathophysiologic clues can potentially identify novel therapeutic targets.

Background and Objectives: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a biologically aggressive malignancy characterised by poor survival outcomes often attributed to delayed diagnosis due to nonspecific clinical presentations. Paraneoplastic syndromes (PNSs), atypical symptoms caused by cancer itself, may serve as valuable indicators for timely diagnosis, particularly in malignancies with nonspecific features. Understanding the manifestations of PNSs in GBC is, therefore, critical. This systematic review collates case studies documenting the association of PNS with GBC, including subsequent management and clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases yielded 49 relevant articles. Upon searching other information sources, two more relevant articles were identified via citation sources. Results: The paraneoplastic syndromes were classified according to haematological (leukocytosis), dermatological (inflammatory myositis like dermatomyositis and polymyositis, acanthosis nigricans, Sweet’s syndrome, exfoliative dermatitis), neurological, metabolic (hypercalcemia, hyponatremia), and others (chorea). The analysis included the age, sex, and country of origin of the patient, as well as the time of PNS diagnosis relative to GBC diagnosis. Furthermore, common presenting complaints, investigations, and effectiveness of treatment modalities using survival time were assessed. Conclusions: While PNS management can offer some benefits, oncologic outcomes of GBC are largely poor. The majority of PNS in GBC are reported in advanced stages, and, hence, PNS has a minimal role in early diagnosis. PNS management can improve a patient’s quality of life, and thus recognition and treatment are important considerations in the holistic management of GBC patients.

Introduction: Social media has transformed medical education by facilitating learner-led digital communities that co-construct knowledge. Previous studies position it as a passive information delivery tool. This fails to capture complex relationships between learners and technologies that may create new potentials for learning, teaching, and participation in the educational process. Our aim was to explore the interactions and patterns of information flow emerging within “What is, this is” (WITI), a social media-based peer teaching community of medical students. Methods: This was a qualitative study using a digital ethnography approach. We collected multiple sources of data comprising screenshots of WITI pages (n = 35), observations of participant interactions on WITI, and individual semi-structured interviews (n = 14). Data were analysed using abductive thematic analysis with relational transfer as a theoretical framework. Results: We identified three themes: 1) engagement in a connective space; with 2) decentralization of knowledge and authority; leading to 3) co-production of knowledge as a community. We found that learners actively shaped the use of social media technology and learner practices were patterned by social media affordances in a dynamic and symmetric relationship. This gave rise to a decentralized, collaborative and self-regulated knowledge-sharing digital community wherein the roles of teachers and learners were fluid and non-exclusive. Discussion: Our study provides insight into new and potentially disruptive learning practices and teacher-learner relationships within student-led digital learning spaces. Our findings highlight the potential of social media to support peer teaching amongst medical students, and the need to reimagine the role of the medical educator as a guide for, and collaborator with, students.

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is increasingly recognized as a heterogeneous condition characterized by distinct inflammatory endotypes. In Western populations, CRS is mostly type 2 (T2) eosinophilic. In contrast, Asian cohorts show higher rates of non-T2 endotypes, posing unique challenges and limiting the applicability of Western treatment models. This expert commentary and scoping review explores endotype-driven care in CRS, synthesizes current research on Asian CRS cohorts, and examines existing gaps in our understanding, particularly in non-T2 CRS. Endotype-driven care improves treatment precision and minimizes therapeutic failure. However, most models remain largely Western-centric. Establishing Asia-specific criteria, accessible diagnostics, and therapies for non-T2 disease is essential.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a condition to be assessed preoperatively prior to cosmetic rhinoplasty, as it may influence patient outcomes and satisfaction. The prevalence of BDD in Asians is not well-studied, and the literature consists predominantly of smaller case series. This systematic review and meta-analysis estimated BDD prevalence in Asian rhinoplasty candidates and examined the impact of diagnostic methods and regional factors. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines, five databases were searched up to March 2025. Two reviewers independently screened studies. Meta-analysis using a random-effects model was conducted; study quality and publication bias were assessed. Fifteen studies (n = 1,977) were included. The pooled BDD prevalence was 30.0% (95% CI: 26.8–35.7), with higher rates using the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (36%) versus DSM-V criteria (18%). Substantial heterogeneity was observed and addressed. BDD may affect nearly one in three Asian rhinoplasty candidates, underscoring the need for standardized diagnostic protocols and culturally sensitive preoperative assessment to improve patient outcomes and safety.