An increase in energy consumption indicates increased economic activity; whether it leads to prosperity depends on the sustainability and stability of the energy source. This study has selected the top ten highly carbon emitting countries to assess renewable energy consumption dynamics for 1991 to 2018. The development of renewable energy ventures is not an overnight transformation. Further, it also entails an infrastructure development gestation which may increase CO₂ emissions for the short term. To assess this non-linear pattern with CO₂ and its heterogeneities, renewable energy consumption and its three types (Wind, Solar and Hydropower) are used. The empirical results estimated with a pooled mean group (PMG) method indicate that renewable energy consumption and hydropower follows inverted U-shaped behavior, with wind and solar energy consumption behavior also U-shaped. Forest area and patents are responsible for carbon remissions, while economic growth is responsible for increasing carbon emissions in sampled countries.

Corporate governance is a system of rules and practices through which a business is directed and controlled. It also assists in balancing the interests of various corporate stakeholders. Earlier studies constructed certain instruments to achieve good corporate governance. In line with earlier studies, the main aim of the current study is to investigate the impact of investor relations and corporate governance on the internet financial reporting (IFR) disclosure. Quantitative data of the selected companies were analyzed. The results showed that ownership diffusion, type of auditor, firm size, and profitability of the firm have a positive and significant relationship with IFR, whereas institutional ownership and type of business activity are negatively associated with it. This study is useful for all types of stakeholders and specifically for policymakers, as well as for the academia. Keywords: business activity, corporate governance, institutional ownership, internet financial disclosure (IFR), profitability